作文一:《减肥之健康饮食的经典文章》7500字
译者:doctor who 译者注:这篇文章是 MEHMET OZ 医生为2011年9月12日的《时代週刊》撰写的封面文 章,最初的题目是:OZ 饮食,没有神马,没有浮云,你该吃什么,为什么这样吃(The Oz Diet No more myths No more fads What you should eat—and why) OZ 医生是谁?是位名人。出生于1960年6月11日,土耳其裔美国人,心血管外科医生, Dr. Oz 电视节目秀的作者和主持人,每天一集,主要关注医药和个人健康的那些事。为什 么说他是名人呢?看:2008年, 《时代週刊》将他列为最有影响力人物,Esquire 杂志将其 列为21世纪最有影响力的75位人物之一,世界经济论坛评他为明日全球领袖,02138杂志 评其为哈佛100位最有影响力的校友,Hippocrates 杂志列其为年度医生(“Doctors of the Year”) ,健康生活杂志列他为千禧年的治疗者,他也列入了美国最佳医生的 Castle Connolly Guide······ 三个月前, 当我从时代周刊上读到这篇的时候, 就承认这是我读过的很好的一篇介绍健康饮 食的文章,通俗易懂,很有说服力,就想着哪一天拿出来和 ke 友们分享。还好,最近节目 假期,就全文翻译了下来,一看也不少,6000多字(敲字真累) ,现在奉上。祝福 ke 友新 年愉快,吃的健康,玩的开心。 (原文发表于作者的果壳日志)当我第一次盯着病人打开的胸腔,那里心肌跳动着,把血液输送到全身,可当我看到血 管中动脉粥样硬化形成的结块到处弥散时,我不禁楞住了。这种软软的,黏煳煳东西,经常 是在肥胖的人体内发现,如今充斥在包围着内脏器官的血管中,而人体器官,用哲学家的话 说,那是人灵魂的所在呵。但我很快便回过神来,把这种胡思乱想屏蔽掉。我那时正学习做 手术,坦白讲,对于截取一段腿静脉绕过那些堵塞物,我感到紧张。外科医生就是这样训练 的,要按照这样的方式去思维,而这么训练也是正确的。这一天的工作做好了,一条生命就 得以挽救,做坏了,病人就死了。除了专心于手上的工作,真的由不得一点点的胡思乱想。 我的目标是用手术刀治疗疾病。这种方式,从某种程度上说,还算是较容易的。最让我 和我的同事们感到无耐的是,这些病人当初怎麽了,怎麽就来这了,躺在手术台上,等着用 锯子把他们的胸腔打开。其实,最大的原因经常也是最为简单的:病从口入。 我们人类的自然史,所有书写的辉煌与黯澹,成功与困难,都经常取决于食物的丰盛抑 或匮乏。这种情形直到20世纪才改变。当在世界的一些地区,饥荒依然是一个残酷的现实 时,我们大多数人在吃上都已不再发愁,要啥有啥。我们生产了安全而足量的水果、蔬菜、 肉和奶;我们对其密封、冷冻,使其免于损坏和污染。我们甚至还通过添加维他命和其他健 康的食物添加剂来让食物变的更好。 食物是如此的丰富,这是早先的文明所不敢想的。可是,我们的这种营养的极大丰富却 有其不幸的负面效果。在美国和其他地方,无尽的食物不是产生了历史上最健康的一代人, 确是健康每况愈下的一代,肥胖、心血管疾病和糖尿病的流行便是这样。超过三分之二的美
国成年人,超过三分之一的儿童,都超重或者痴肥。 问题不在于这些人不想吃的健康,长的健康。相信我,坐着轮椅到我手术室的人没人愿 意这样。不管你信不信,这些人都从不怀疑关于健康饮食是多么重要。你通常想不到的是问 题是, 这些人其实是不知道一个健康的饮食究竟是怎麽样的, 而且爲什么某种饮食就是健康 的,尤其是在当下,各种声称的健康法则经常变的情况下。 曾几何时,人们说,红肉是健康的,麵条是不好的;后来又说,麵条是健康的,红肉是 糟糕的,这些说法一直流传,直到阿金饮食法(Atkins Diet)来了,规则又变了。紧接着 有地中海饮食法、南部海滩饮食法、低脂饮食法、葡萄饮食法,对了,还有白菜汤饮食法, 所有这些都承诺会有奇效。最近,红酒也被认为是对健康有益的,还有深色巧克力,又说吃 这些也不管用。 每一个所谓的食谱到头来似乎都有问题, 每一个新诞生的“真理”最后都变 成了神马。 好的消息是,如今我们对于事物在我们体内是如何反应的,比过去有太多瞭解了,我们 知道了哪种分子能影响哪种细胞的哪项功能。 与这些认识随之而来的是我们对于健康饮食的 一些新的见解, 这远不是传统的知识或伎俩可以比拟的。 传说和行销的时代正在让位于坚实 的事实。对于这些新的见解,有些你可能喜欢,有些你可能不喜欢,不过,你最好能渐渐习 惯这些。因为事实并不向之前出现的时尚,不是那麽快就可消失的。对食物的误解想健康么?忘掉苏打水和低脂的食物吧。相反,吃一些鸡蛋、吃一些全脂奶、食盐、脂 类、坚果、酒、巧克力和咖啡吧。真的。儘管通常认为,所有这些食物都对身体有益,但过 于贪吃它们,你肯定会相信会出现这样那样的问题。事实是,简单把食物分成好的食物和不 好的食物也只是告诉了完整故事的一部份,剩馀的部份却很多是不为人知的。 比如油脂。在所有我们被人叮嘱避免吃的食物中,油脂首当其冲。就是油脂这个词就好 像在诉说着对于自我的控诉:我们不想变肥,那麽我们爲什么要吃油脂? 但其实脂类并不总是坏的。 单一不饱和脂肪和多不饱和脂肪确实可以作为推荐的健康食 品的。比如菜籽油( canola oil )和橄榄油发现是可以降低低密度脂蛋白胆固醇( LDL cholesterol)和提高高密度脂蛋白胆固醇的,进而可以降低患动脉硬化和心脏病的风险。 多不饱和脂肪如欧米茄3s(希腊最后一个字母 omega)能降低 LDL,也能降低患炎症、心 髒病和其他一些疾病的风险。Omega-3s 对于大脑的健康也很重要。 不好的脂类物质包括饱和脂肪(存在于动物产品中) ,反式脂肪(存在于氢化和部份氢 化的油中)和衍生物(存在于蛋黄、肉类和奶製品中) 。甚至对于这个群体,有些观点也是 误导的:新的研究发现一些饱和脂肪(比如在椰子油中)是有益的,而食用这种胆固醇也不 会像以前想的那样很大的影响到血液中的胆固醇。 唯一普遍接受是有害的是反式脂肪, 目前 也被去除出了大多数的食物。
对于脂类的救赎某种程度也能推及到蛋类上。 作为心脏科医生, 我对于不同的人处理食 用的胆固醇上的不同感到惊奇。 很多人即使吃了高胆固醇的食物, 他们的血液中的胆固醇也 没有升高; 而有些人仅仅吃了一点点胆固醇就受到了影响。 而这种少数人的情形却被大多数 人当成了惊世真理, 无论是鸡蛋还是红肉, 如果吃的过量就好像感觉吃了放射性物质一样的 危险。 不过, 大多数的医生都愿意推荐每天吃一个带蛋黄的鸡蛋作为实惠的高质量的蛋白来 源。 盐也是被妖魔化的另一个例子。离开了盐,我们的心脏就不能跳动,不过太多的盐(钠 离子)能增加血压到很危险的境况。不过,在美国也只有10%的人,尤其是非洲裔的美国 人对于盐很敏感。 要知道是否对盐敏感, 最好的方法是比较一下不吃盐和吃盐后血压的变化。 但即使吃盐后的血压值是在正常范围, 也别急着抱盐瓶子。 在食物加工中添加盐和其他能提 升口味的物质,能无形中让你多吃,增加体重。不过,好消息是,几乎所有有高血压的人, 如在静止状态的血压超过140/90,要是减少盐的摄入量,会受益匪浅。这样一个简单的措 施,可以让这些人的平均55岁的寿命再延长5年。 由于品酒师的青睐,红葡萄酒的声誉倍增。白藜芦醇,这种存在于葡萄皮中的抗氧化物 质,能减少有害的胆固醇的作用,也就降低了患心血管疾病的危险。一些动物研究也表明, 白藜芦醇也能降低患痴肥和糖尿病的风险。 不过, 因为在红葡萄酒中也只有很少量的这种物 质,所以要真获得益处,必须要喝掉60升的红葡萄酒才行。不过,你还是可以每天喝一点 红酒:红酒相对于其他酒,热量较低,酒精度也较低,可以提升有益的胆固醇而降低有害的 胆固醇,还可以保护动脉免受有害胆固醇的伤害。而且红酒也经常用于人际交往,而好的人 际交往是维护健康的很有效因素。 巧克力也是另外一个抗氧化的东西, 主要是其中的黄酮类, 也就是让可可豆有辛辣味道 的物质。巧克力越黑,也意味着掺入的牛奶和其他添加剂越少,那麽黄酮类的浓度也越高。 坚果,儘管不饱和脂肪和热量较高,但却可以减少有害胆固醇和易于吃饱肚子。咖啡中的多 酚类,经常出于健康的考虑而剔除掉,实际上却是西方世界的头号抗氧化物质,一些研究指 出,这些物质能降低患痴呆、帕金森和2型糖尿病的几率。 即使是对于全脂牛奶的批评,有些人说,全脂牛奶简直就是一杯液体的油脂,其实也不 是这麽简单。确实,儿童喝大量的全脂牛奶就是喝尽了大量的热量,但牛奶也能控制体重, 因为牛奶中含的钙在消化过程中可以和食物中的油脂结合,这也意味着你吸收了较少的油 脂。一些研究也看出来脱脂奶、低脂奶和全奶在控制体重方面没有明显的差别。而且,当你 把牛奶中的脂类全部去除,剩下的实际是更高浓度的糖,这些糖与激素,尤其是胰岛素相互 作用(对于糖尿病人,即出现高血糖) 。 对于所有的这些食物,最关键的还是要适量食用。每天消耗0.5升的全脂奶,所积累的 热量就会抵消所获得的益处。 一周吃几次超过一盎司的黑色巧克力, 或者每晚饮两杯的红酒, 会导致体重增加以及犯罪的风险。喝太多的咖啡会导致你神经过敏,吃太多的红肉,比如每
週吃超过一斤的红肉,会导致体重增加,而且还会抵消你从鱼类中获得的蛋白质的益处,我 们知道,鱼类中含有有益于大脑的 omega-3脂肪酸。各种荒谬的饮食法如果说基本食物的简单事实因为其复杂性而让人不放心的话, 同样简单的各种流行的饮 食法也最终会声明扫地就一点也不奇怪了。 各种关于减肥的饮食法来了又去, 留给美国消费 者的是失望和打击,而且越吃越不如之前健康。 最近几十年来最为危险的食物之一便是各样的打着“无脂”标籤的东西。 就是这两个简 单的字赦免了很多贪吃的人,让他们觉得吃多少量,有多少糖都无所谓。盯着油脂恐惧症的 消费者的钱包的製造商们已经十分擅于剔除各种产品中的天然油脂, 可是质地和口感的流失 靠什么来弥补呢?只有加入更多的盐、糖和增稠剂。当人们消费越来越多的脱脂食品时,他 们也同时摄取了附加的其他高剂量的有害添加剂。 一旦失去了油脂带来的饱足感, 你就只会 感到饿,就会吃的更多。 其他的一些流行的饮食法也限制了我们对于食物的选择。 借助白菜汤和葡萄饮食, 追随 者们确定了一种新的奇迹食物,製造了一整套的饮食疗法,承诺可以在一周之内减掉9斤体 重。这所有这些荒谬的饮食法中,有些确实能减掉一些体重,但大多数流失的都是水分。没 有哪一个饮食法看起来是营养而可行的,减掉的体重往往很快就会再回来。 最近最具轰动效果的是阿金饮食法(Atkins diet) ,因为2002年时代週刊的一篇文章 而走红。具体说来,阿金饮食法就是多吃肉,不吃碳水化合物(包括不吃蔬菜和水果中的天 然糖分) 。这种饮食法风行30年,以至于成了一种文化现象。市场在其中推波助澜,很多的 食物都将能探测的最后一点碳水化合物分子去除, 而将食物都贴上了无糖的标籤。 手工的麵 包房主只能掩面哭泣而这套饮食法的信众们则开始遭受酮酸中毒的困苦, 糖原太低就会引发 这种情况。 不过,体重减了很多,确实很多。问题是,这种减肥是不可持续的。在你的舌头反叛之 前,你尽可以禁掉很多事物,不过当你把麵条、麵包、水果和蔬菜都从菜单中拿掉时,反叛 迟早会到来。 更严重是, 你认为可以吃的东西, 尤其是大量依赖于肉类, 能导致炎症和兴奋, 医生也会担心你会发生心髒病或是中风。 南海岸和阿金的其他饮食法在允许加入更多的蔬菜和水果后变得较为美味了。 最新的作 为替代的阿金饮食法是颇为流行的旧石器时代饮食法。 这个饮食法的假设是, 自从人类成型 于旧石器时代(约260万至1万年前) ,我们的基因就决定了我们能吃些什么。所以这个饮食 法集中于瘦肉、鱼、新鲜的水果和不含淀粉的蔬菜,同时儘量减少穀物、奶、和豆类,因为 这些在约1万2千年前还没有出现在我们的菜单中。据一些临床的试验,这种饮食法的确表 现出可以降低患心血管疾病的风险,也可以降低高血压、炎症和痤疮,提高运动能力,也能
减肥。 不过,很多营养学家,对于消除全部的穀和奶产品表示担忧。大量的研究表明,它们有 助于降低患一些癌症和心髒病的风险。而且,需要记住的是,洞穴人通常比现代人要矮,而 且在40多岁就死了,部份原因是他们没有吃上能让他们抵御感染和剑齿虎的饮食。我宁愿 选择吃这样饮食,它能让我头脑清楚、体力充沛的与孙子玩耍,而不是在我年轻的时候就光 鲜的死去。个性化的饮食对于正在快速长身体的婴幼儿来说,他吃的饮食当然不适合给一个成年人吃;同样,给 20多岁处于哺乳期的女生吃的营养食物也不该给70多岁已经绝经的老妇吃。作为消费者, 我们一般接受总体上的一些判断, 如哪些食物该吃, 这些食物中有多少热量以及何种维生素。 我做过超过5000例的心脏手术, 我同样推荐吃低饱和和反式脂肪的食物以降低动脉硬化块, 但我也不能解释爲什么在同一个下午走进来的两个病人,他们几十年来都吃了大量的培根 肉、黄油和烘烤的东西,两人的血管造影片却完全的不同。 北卡罗莱纳大学营养研究所是个体化营养这一新兴研究领域的佼佼者, 研究称为营养基 因组学的学问:也就是揭示饮食和基因之间的联繫。这门科学还是一门新的学问,但已经出 现的报告确是很吸引人的。 比如,一个以老鼠做的研究指出,一些人体内的一种结合蛋白会激发一系列的基因,这 些基因与胆固醇的合成和吸收有关。结果就是导致胰岛素抵抗、甘油三酯升高和脂肪肝。脂 肪肝内充斥着脂肪, 从而抑制了肝脏过滤血液中毒素的能力。 如果谁有类似的基因故障就一 样会对食用的油脂敏感,那就要相应的在饮食上作出调整。另一项以老鼠做的研究发现,一 种变异基因专门影响低密度脂蛋白胆固醇的生成风险。 还有研究发现一种变异基因影响到个 人对于高温烤肉产生的致癌物的敏感性(译者注:易感基因?) 。 要说把这些营养基因学的研究应用到临床上还为时过早, 不过你的医生应该把食物作为 疾病预防的工具——尤其是对于盐、 胆固醇以及其他物质敏感的人, 应该注意这些物质的摄 入。对食物的过敏也是如此。你不能推荐小麦给难以消化谷蛋白的人吃,也不能向对乳糖过 敏的人推荐牛奶。 不过, 把这些食物从饮食中剔除, 却不寻找任何的替代品, 或者乾脆拿垃圾食品做替代, 都不是答桉。相反,应该试试吃不含谷蛋白的穀物,像藜麦和芡欧鼠尾草籽;也可以尝试酸 乳、克菲尔(kefir) 、奶酪和其他发酵的含乳糖少的奶製品。奶酪的时间越长,含的乳糖就 越少,一块2年的干奶酪(cheddar)几乎不含任何乳糖。如今我们拥有的大量的食物几乎 可以保证满足任何人的特殊营养需要,只不过要多做些功课。
硬道理要健康,除了要对你的饮食做出改变外,还要一点很重要的是要在饮食和锻炼之间找好 平衡。要保持好体重,就需要吃进多少热量就消耗多少热量,这一点还是对的。只不过需要 按照合理的方式保持这样的平衡,如果合理就能减肥,如果不合理,只能增肥。 不过,这个夏季发表在新英格兰医学杂志上一篇引人瞩目的文章发现,对于体重来说, 不仅要看你吃了多少,而且还要看你吃的是什么。在校准了120,000名参与者的年龄、体 重指数、生活方式的影响(如锻炼和睡觉时间)之后,作者发现在4年的週期内,最能增加 体重的食物是炸薯条、炸薯片、 糖饮料、肉、 甜食和深加工的穀物。 最能减少体重的是酸乳、 坚果、全穀物、水果和蔬菜。但也不是仅仅进行热量的加减计算就能解决问题了。 当你坐下吃饭时, 脑袋盯住的是营养, 而不是热量, 会不短的刺激你吃, 直到心满意足。 这就是爲什么你很难拒绝一盘薯条和冰激凌而选择吃更健康的水果、 蔬菜、 穀物和红肉的其 中一个原因。在这裡消化机制也起到了作用。高纤维的食物易于充满胃、减慢消化和增加饱 足感。 这就是爲什么我在吃正餐之前要先吃点水果和一把坚果的原因。 从合理的食物中取得 一定热量如今可以帮助你随后避免吃更高热量的食物。 另外一条事实是, 不管我们怎麽认为, 也不会有那种躲在遥远森林深处的神秘超级食物 是我们仍未发现的。 这就是说, 在我们已知的丰富食物中, 我们确实也知道一些特别的食物。 比如,浆果因为其含抗氧化物质和抗炎症的特点,对于减少老化有关的疾病、癌症、心血管 疾病、糖尿病和精神衰弱方面有显着功效。西兰花富含纤维,而且可以降低胆固醇,它还富 含硫化物,有益于肝脏,增强人体自然的排毒系统。 还有一点毫无疑问的,就是一定要补充维生素。我们喜欢这样想:如果我们聪明的话,就可 以从所吃食物中补充所有我们需要的营养。 但如果检索食物日志, 就会发现只有很少的人能 够这样。除有些维生素我们人体能自身产生外(如晒太阳有助于产生维生素 D) ,大多数的 微量元素我们都必须从食物中获取,如钙、叶酸、碘、铁、镁和钾等。即使你能对所吃的每 一口食物都能精打细算, 我也推荐你每天吃一粒多种维生素片, 这无疑是一种简便而可靠的 方法可以保证你不遗漏哪一种元素。 最后,很常规的,你需要认真对待锻炼。疾病控制和预防中心推荐一个成年人每週要至 少进行150分钟的中等强度的有氧锻炼,如放鬆跑,其实算下来每天也不过才 20分钟。或 者,你还可以选择每週进行75分钟的剧烈运动,如慢跑。一周超过2天的力量训练对于维持 健康和保持肌肉是至关重要的,可以使得你的新陈代谢更加有效。还有需要记住的是,我们 都太过于高估锻炼在减肥中的作用了。 一个体总73公斤的人进行1小时低强度的有氧锻炼会 消耗365卡路里的热量, 看起来确实不错, 可如果完了你奖赏了自己一个马粪蛋糕 (muffin) 而不是一个苹果的话,你所有这些锻炼就全白做了。 没人会认为达到和维持一个理想的体重是一件容易的事情, 不过要达到这个目标却有些
很简单的方法:适量饮食、选择新鲜食物、不偏食(多样化食物) 、锻炼。人类是这个世界 上可以完全控制自我的食物供应的唯一物种,现在的挑战是确保食物不要反过来控制了我 们。 【译者后记】这篇文章虽然针对的是西方读者,但很多知识对我们也是有启发的。不知道, guoke 哪位搞食物工程或者营养学的专家能为大家写一篇更针对亚洲人的饮食指南呢?期 待中·····如果 ke 友们已经有好的,还要告诉我一声啊,随时准备着拜读。
作文二:《关于健康饮食的英文文章》3300字
关于健康饮食的英文文章
The importance of diet to health, especially in the prevention and cure of illness, is slowly being apparent. I endeavour to provide you with more than the basic, and usually inaccurate information on diet and nutrition. So whether you are a registered dietitian and want to brush up on the immense amount of information, or whether you just want to find out, for the first time what you should be eating, then this site is for you. First I would like to talk about a very contentious word - diet. Many people don't like using this word, when referring to their eating habits, because they feel that it is humiliating to be on a diet. I am the opposite, as I am always on diet. Whether underweight, overweight, sick or fit, diet, by its Greek definition means the food eaten by an animal to maintain its state of health. So, when I talk about a diet I don't mean that you must necessarily lose weight, what I am referring to is the food that you should generally be eating, be it to build muscles, put on weight, lose weight or get rid of a cold.
This topic is as arguable as religion, politics and sex. There are always many different opinions relating to diet and nutrition. I am only going to present facts on the subject of nutrition as affirmed by the mainstream diet and nutrition world. The fallacies of the fringe will not be proposed, although they have been investigated by myself, so I know what the
quacks are telling "Joe Public".
It has bee apparent that the overconsumption of certain dietary ponents is now a major concern to people in the Western World. Foremost among them is the disproportionate consumption of fats, sodium, and sugars, at the expense of foods that may be more conducive to good health, such as foods high in plex carbohydrates and fiber (vegetables, fruit, and whole grain products).
The usual approach of the orthodox medical circles, when dealing with a disease, is to treat the symptoms with a remedy rather than removing the cause. Yet, by following the dietary guidelines of the nutrition and health authorities, that have been proven with epidemiologic studies to be scientifically correct, it is possible to achieve and maintain good health. Dietary factors play a prominent role in five out of the ten leading causes of death for Americans. Thus, it is important to emphasize the relationship of diet to the occurrence of chronic disease and to understand how wholesome food is necessary for good health.
Foods contain nutrients essential for normal metabolic function. An imbalance in nutrient intake or the consumption of harmful substances is the underlying factor in many chronic diseases, such as coronary heart disease, diabetes, obesity, and some cancers.
To acquire these nutrients we have to eat foods that contain them and make choices about what foods shouldn't be eaten in excess. This is
difficult and requires a prehensive research base and much effort before it is possible to maintain good health.
Eating is a source of considerable pleasure and an important part of our lives. It is not necessary to lessen this pleasure by following a healthy diet plan. By knowing what nutrients are, how they relate to different diseases, and how to make choices in selecting and preparing foods, it is quite possible to feel good and enjoy life equally or more.
作文三:《关于健康饮食方面的文章关于健康饮食的文章》9700字
一日三餐如何可能搭配人们的生死水平进步以来
,特别提防对孩子的饮食养分,有的家长强逼孩
子过多食用高糖高脂肪高蛋白食物,有的孩子随
着自己的愿望对自己喜欢的食物多饮食,过高的
热量摄入,乃至养分过剩,出现了许多小瘦子。
而加有一些孩子,偏饮偏食,喜欢吃"零嘴"。有
的以至把零食当主食,乃至养分不良,身体孱羸
。出现了所谓"豆芽菜"的体形。怎样对孩子举办
合理的养分呢?就此题目我们采访了镇江江滨医院
的养分师断防新艳。
孙养分师通告我们,孩子在生长发育阶段,
需要足够的养分,一般孩子在10岁以来需要的养
分和热量根本上接近一般的成人水平,每天需要
热量大约在2300千卡左右,支柱孩子生长发育的
必需养分素蛋白质大约在2300千卡左右。而罕见
的食物中每100克所含蛋白质、稻米为7.8克,准
则面粉9.9克,豆腐4.7克,同类中物别是瘦肉中
大都在10克――20克,鱼类一般都在20克左右,
纯牛奶中蛋白含量可高达26.2克。
她先容说,无论男女儿童,7――10岁每天需
要热能大约2000千卡,0――3岁每天需要热能大
约2000千卡,蛋白质需要量区分为60克和70克,
这样的准则养分对照迷信合理,根本上生长发育
需要了,过多或过少对孩子都是倒霉的。
孩子每日三餐的总热量对照,根据当区域的
生活习俗和迷信搭配,一般早餐占25%,午餐占40
%,晚餐占35%,并不是遵从旧例的早晨要吃饱、
正午要吃好、早晨要吃少。
遵从切确的计算,一个岁的孩子,关于健康
饮食的文章。早、中、晚蛋白质的摄入量区分是1
5克、24克、和21克。如早餐主食制品1.5两,牛
奶200毫升,鸡蛋一只,如不喝牛奶,可增加一只
鸡蛋;午餐主食制品2.5两,荤菜类.5两――2两(
包括鸡、鱼、肉等),素菜类3――4两,加外每日
增加水果3两,遵从孩子的年龄作相应的增减,这
样孩子都是倒霉的。
孩子的养分就根本知足了。水果
5.水果或果汁的坏处
可选食柠檬、橘子、柚、葡萄、甘蔗汁、青
梅、苹果、番茄等。水果滋味虽多呈酸味,但在
体内代谢进程中能变成碱性,并能使血液连结碱
性。特别是它们能将蕴蓄堆积在细胞中的毒素"溶
解",最终经渗出编制排出体外。
6.绿茶
绿茶中有许多解毒因子,它们易与血液中有
毒精神相联合,并加快从小便排出。常饮绿茶还
能防癌和降血脂。吸烟者多饮绿茶可加重尼古绿
茶丁的伤害。对于健康饮食做法。
7.海带和紫菜
它们含大宗胶质。能通便促使体内的放射性
毒物随从大便排出体外。肿瘤病人接受放化疗时
多吃海带是有益的。它们都属碱性食品,有污染
血液作用。常吃海带和紫菜能下降癌症发生率。
黑木耳能抑制血小板凝结,可下降胆固醇,
对心脑血管疾病有益。黑木耳中的胶质,有助于
将残留在人体消化编制内的灰尘杂质吸附和聚集
并排出体外,清涤胃肠。
饮食养分与矫健之道
8、韭菜
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韭菜是一种可药食两用的壮阳佳品。人们都
误以为唯有男生需要"壮阳",其实不然,女生多
吃具有"壮阳、助阳"的食物,能让肌肤变得更白
晰,原因是阳气充足血脉则通利,许多人"面色不
华"大都因气血阻滞。春天气候冷暖不一,男生、
女生都需要调治阳气。而韭菜最恼人体阳气,有
天然"伟哥"之称。对于健康饮食做法。韭菜含有
挥发油、蛋白质、脂肪和多种维生素等养分成分
,有健胃、提神、强肾等功效。春韭为韭菜中的
佼佼者,滋味尤为鲜美。其根白如玉,叶绿似翠
,幽香芬芳。春韭吃法多样,既可佐肉、蛋、虾
、墨鱼等,又可做蒸包、水饺的馅料。炒绿豆芽
或豆腐干时加些春韭,格外芬芳可口。
老祖宗曾有说教:"五谷为养,五果为助,五
畜为益,五菜为充,气息合而服之,以补益精气"
。以今朝迷信的说法称为蛋白质的"互补作用",
意即是要获得人体所必需的各种养分素,必需注
意食品的合理搭配,切忌吃荤不吃素或吃素不吃
荤。同时,合理的搭配亦能进步蛋白质的生理价
值,由于各种蛋白质是由多种氨基酸组成的,甲
蛋白质所贫乏的某种氨基酸恰为乙蛋白质所含有
,乙蛋白质所贫乏的恰为甲蛋白质所含有。例如
小麦、小米、黄豆、牛肉区分孤独食用时,其生
理价值区分为67、57、64、76,而混合食用时其
生理价值可达89,大大进步了食物蛋白质的哄骗
率,反之未被哄骗的蛋白质则排出体外,劳而无
韭菜功,颇似小时曾念过的课文《一个豆瓣的观
光》。健康饮食做法。实际上,我国南方区域主
食以杂粮为主(南方以大米为主)撇开气候、水土
等成分,就其摄取的蛋白质看已接近或抵达完全
蛋白质的生理价值。于是,南方人普遍体魄健壮
魁伟,脸庞苍白。近来随着生活的富足,关于。都市中有相当部门的儿童出现瘦削症,其症结都
在于对某类食物超凡的食欲感。由于对某种养分
素超凡的吸取和哄骗能力,它与成年者出现的热
能过剩、脂肪堆积出现瘦削有实在质的区别,应
及时调整负责其膳食机关。
关注公众号KQ88822
年老时曾晓得一私人有怪癖,他时时吞食一
些墙土,让人隐晦,其实从饮食养分学角度看,
皆因其胃酸过多,有的时候中发明掺有石灰的墙
土吞食之先人体感到如意,抵达酸碱中和的目标
。而今朝只须几片苏打片就可解决的题目,在那
时缺医少药的情形下,人体自身的修补与对环境
的适应性,令人蔚为大观。而今环境条件越好,
人类机体自我适应、自我完善的认识已慢慢褪化
削弱,但并非磨灭。例如一个不会吃辣椒的人,
长期在四川生活并经常吃一点辣,则就有可能会
喜欢吃辣椒。一个长期吃较多肉的人,其体内消
化蛋白质和脂肪的酶的生机缘降低。一个长期吃
素者,其消化液中的淀粉酶活性会降低,其蛋白
质酶和脂肪酶活性则下降。于是,中枢神经在参
与机体对养分素的摄取、消化、吸取和哄骗的进
程中起着主要的作用。应防止进餐时精力担忧、
阅读书报或研究其它题目。有条件可在进餐前听
一段紧张愉快的音乐,在光线充足,关于健康饮
食的文章。氛围畅通,温度适中,安置文雅的餐
厅就餐,则更为快事。还有自己
人离不开饮食。可是怎样使饮食特别迷信以
有益于矫健,这其中大有文章可做。首先必需改
良平常早巳为我们所领受以至依赖的某些不良的
饮食习俗。所谓病从口入,一般是指吃、喝进了
不洁净、有病原体、蜕变、有毒的食物、水或饮
料等而致病,如吃错东西、食物中毒、酗酒等。
食物如花生、大米因置放时间过久及保管不当.招
致霉变发生黄曲霉素,人吃了就会患病,以至有
致癌的危急。从狭义下去说,病从口入也同时反
映一私人的饮食习俗题目。小孩子吃饭时注意力
不齐集,不求甚解,时时让骨头刺伤食道;没有经
过慢慢品味吞下去的东西惹起腹胀、消化不良,
也可招致疾病。
传说潮汕区域的中老年人易息食道癌,医学
家们研究来研究去,健康饮食做法。得出一个倾
向性结论.以为与当地人爱喝功夫茶、热粥,食咸
鱼、吃咸菜等盐脑制品有关。茶、粥、海鲜、蔬
莱是好东西.质量是好的,只是吃用的方式不够迷
信。如茶、粥太烫.可慢性烫伤食道,引发炎症;
食物被腌制过咸过久,蛋白质会变性发生有毒化
学精神,正本属于端正允许范畴的化学精神,因
嗜食而堆积,久而久之就造成了对人体的损害.这
与食物自己有关,错在不良的饮食习俗。有些人
喜欢吃高脂肪食物.如猪油、牛油猪肚肉、猪腿、
牛扒,用植物油煎炸食品等,以为高脂肪食物够
滋味,香滑可口。孰知,长期吃高脂肪膳食可能
招致人体胸腺、淋巴腺萎缩,淋巴细胞的免疫成
效遭到抑制,学习健康。癌症如乳腺癌、肠癌、
前列腺癌以及糠尿病、高脂血症、冠心病、高血
压的发生率会彰彰增加。
红肉孩子中的偏食、精食题目也相当突出,
受溺爱的"小皇帝".偏吃甜食、零食,对"家常便
饭"嗤之以鼻,而对自己嗜好的食物则乐此不疲。
另方面是食物过于精细,精米、精面、精制糕点;
麦乳精、人参蜂皇精…使胃肠永远处于"幼椎"形
态。这么一来,膳食机关落空平衡,很客易造成
维生素、纤维素、矿精神、微量元素贫乏而致病
,同时抵拒力下降也容易使身体受细菌、病毒入
侵而闹病。
变动不良饮食习俗对矫健大有低廉甜头,但 做起来并不容易,由于所谓习俗成天然,积习久 之,积习难改。要下点决议判断才行。在培育种 植扶植杰出饮食习俗的同时,对原来不良的习俗 应有所认识,然后变动、改善。如喜欢吃热食物 ,其实稍等一会儿,待其凉些才进口并不麻烦。 专家以为,不要永世或大宗食用某一类食物工业 制品或腌制食品,其实面的。使有害化学精神不 易抵达对人体组成损害的水平,也可让身体来得
及肃除有害精神。家长对孩子饮食的研究要周详
些,在餐桌上不应由孩子说了算。另外进食时恬
不为怪,对食物有足够的时间和心理去品味、品
味.有助消化。[编辑本段]【矫健饮食的热量平衡
原理】医学以为矫健的饮食要掌握好热量平衡,
多吃多余热量会蓄积,变胖,少吃会饥饿,身体
会不矫健,所以连结好热量平衡是矫健饮食的关
键,由于社会繁荣,人的饮食不停前进,人体吸
取的摄入量大于实际需要的花消,所以要矫健的(草本植物oslim等)减重负责食物的热量是很主要的,但这绝不同等于节食或少吃,由于唯有在保证养分异常周详并且平衡的同时负责低热量摄入才是真正的矫健饮食,而节食或少吃是不可能做到这些的!
饮食矫健的热量平衡原理:
人一天最低需要摄入1000大卡热量
两餐代餐细胞养分奶昔发生200大卡×2=400大卡
遍及正餐一餐约为600大卡
三餐之和为1000大卡
一般人花消热量一天2000-2400大卡
所缺少的1000-1400大卡就需要焚烧脂肪来补足(特别注意:唯有养分平衡的情形下才会焚烧到脂肪,不然只会花消肌肉,听说方面。譬喻:节食,而落空的肌肉是立时会反弹的)
一周花消7000-9800大卡
7700大卡热量=1公斤脂肪
一周减0.91-1.27公斤
所以一个月约减4--5公斤
这种手腕适合人体天然代谢原理,是世界公认最矫健最有用的饮食手腕。[编辑本段]矫健饮食金字塔民以食为天。解决温饱之后,人们对待各种美味中所湮没的奇异秘密愈加存眷。为了从日常饮食中获取更多的养分,或是变动自身的矫健难题,人们着手对食物越来越挑剔、越来越苛求,由于一分一厘的弃取对待我们来说都至关主要,间接影响着人类的矫健。
矫健饮食金字塔是兴办在每日活动和负责体重的基础之上的,由于这两个成分对人们连结矫健来说,十分主要。它们也会影响到人们吃什么和如何吃的题目,以及人们吃的食物又如何影响自身的矫健。从矫健饮食金字塔的底座往上看,其中包括:
全麦食品(在大部门进餐中)
人体需要碳水化合物提供能量,碳水化合物的最佳源泉是全麦,譬喻燕麦片、粗面面包、以及玄米(也就是糙米)。它们含有麸糠和胚芽,以及富含能量的淀粉。人体消化全麦的时间要比消化白面包这样间接的碳水化合物长,这会使人体的血糖和胰岛素连结在一个合理的水平,并很快会下降。很好地负责血糖和胰岛素水平,能够裁减人体的饥饿感,阻挡Ⅱ型糖尿病的发生。
植物油。美国人均匀每天从脂肪中获取1/3的日需卡路里,所以,饮食与健康的关系。把它们放在金字塔的下部是有道理的。注意,这里特别指明的是植物油,并非全部各类脂肪。矫健的不饱和脂肪来自橄榄、大豆、玉米、向日葵、花生和其他植物油,以及富含脂肪的鱼类,譬喻三文鱼等。这些矫健的脂肪不单改吉士体胆固醇水平,而且还能有用防止潜在的心脏猝死和心肌梗死等。
蔬菜(大宗的)和水果(每日2到3次)。
多吃蔬菜和水果可能有用防止心脏病和心绞痛的发生;戒备各种癌症;降血压;加重被称作憩室炎的肠道疾病;防治白内障和青光眼,对65岁以上的老人来说,这两种眼疾是造成老年失明的主要病因。
鱼、禽、蛋(每日0到2次)。
这是蛋白质的主要源泉。大宗的研究阐明,吃鱼可能裁减心脏病的危急。肌肉和火鸡的饱和脂肪含量低,也是很好的蛋白质源泉。鸡蛋是长期被妖魔化的食物,对于饮食与健康的关系。由于它的胆固醇含量绝对较高,实际上,鸡蛋是很好的早餐,它比油炸甜面包圈也许精面面包圈要好得多。
坚果和带壳豆(每日1到3次)。
坚果和带壳豆是植物蛋白、植物纤维、维他命和矿精神的最佳源泉。带壳豆包括黑豆、蚕豆、毛豆等干货。大多数坚果含有富厚的矫健脂肪,譬喻,杏仁、核桃、小胡桃、花生、榛子、松子等可能间接标明该食物有益于心脏。
奶制品和代用钙(每日1到2次)。酸奶
为防治骨质疏松,对于饮食与健康的关系。需要摄入钙、维生素D等,关于健康饮食方面的文章。奶制品是美国人获得钙的保守源泉。除了牛奶和奶酪这类含有饱和脂肪的食品外,还有其他的矫健方式获取钙。例如,三杯全脂牛奶相当于十三小条熟熏肉所含的饱和脂肪。倘若你喜欢奶制品,可对峙选取脱脂也许低脂产品。倘若你不喜欢奶制品,代用钙食品是保证每日人体钙需求量的保证。
红肉和奶油(小心使用):
这些食物被放在矫健饮食金字塔的下层,由于它们含有富厚的饱和脂肪。倘若你每天都吃红肉,如牛羊肉等,每周尝试几次鱼也许鸡肉可能改善你的胆固醇水平。异样的,你也可能从奶油换到橄揽油。
大米、白面包、土豆、意大利通心粉、甜品(慎用):
为什么这些全美国人的主食被放在了矫健饮食金字塔的顶端?由于它们会惹起人体血糖的迅速进步,招致体重增加,糖尿病、心脏病和其他慢性病的发生。全麦碳水化合物则使人体血糖平静,至多是慢慢增加而不会逾越人体一般水平,使人体有能力处罚多余的血糖。
多种维生素:
日常多种维生素,多种矿物补充物是人体的养分后备。我们每天吃的食物有的时候不能提供人体日常所需的所有养分元素,这时多种维生素可能为那些哪怕是最留心小心的食客填补养分缺口。请选取正牌的多种维生素。
酒精类(过量):
每天少许喝点儿酒,可能下降心脏病的危急。过量是很主要的,酒精是双刃剑,危害与益处同在。对待男人来说,平衡点是每天喝1到2杯,这可不是指扎啤杯。对女人来说,每天一杯足够了。
矫健饮食金字塔总结了当今最好的饮食情报,它不是虚无飘渺,也许萧规曹随,随着时间的繁荣,研究的深刻与多样化,矫健饮食金字塔会与时俱进地反映最新、最主要的研究恶果。相比看关于。[编辑本段]【最优选取的矫健饮食食谱】饮食矫健最好,少吃不要刻意节食,才具减肥,才具连结好身体,吃的矫健才具好好连结身体矫健,身体精美。
吃什么可能矫健饮食呢,我的阅历履历可能参考一下的,这样饮食最矫健的,完全实在吃什么你可能参考,究竟?结果行家在的地点饮食习俗等都不一样。但是大概热量和能够一样的要差不多,提供一个星期的矫健减肥的做参考。
周一
早餐:面包三片,咖啡、苹果(一个以内)小蛋糕
午餐:米饭(一碗),炒土豆青椒丝,生黄瓜一根,紫菜汤
晚餐:煮虾(数只),烧豆腐、凉拌生洋葱、芹菜米饭小碗
周二
吃点植物的oslim20帮助领会摄入过多的脂肪,早餐:麦片粥(一碗)、面包(二片)、葡萄咸菜
午餐:鲫鱼萝卜豆腐汤,煮鸡蛋(1个),蔬菜沙拉淀粉自定
晚餐:绿豆粥(一小碗),馒头(一个),生拌茄泥,生黄瓜一根
周三
早餐:乌龙茶、猕猴桃面包黄油
午餐:烧竹笋、凉拌西兰花、煮鸡蛋一个米饭一碗
晚餐:煮虾(数只),烧豆腐、凉拌生洋葱、芹菜养分饮食-西芹百合
周四,早餐:大米粥(二碗)、全麦面包(一片)、橙子一个
午餐:烧牛肉、蔬菜沙拉、冬瓜汤、生西红柿一个米饭一碗
晚餐:玉米粥(一小碗)、馒头(一个)、烧芦笋,生黄瓜一根
周五
早餐:煮土豆,文章。咖啡、苹果精采小菜
午餐:米饭(一小碗)、素焖扁豆、炒青菜、冬瓜汤
晚餐:鸡肉、烧胡萝卜、凉拌芹菜米饭
周六、:
早餐:麦片粥(一小碗)、橙子
午餐:煮鸡蛋一个、烧海鱼、蘑菇炒青菜米饭一碗
晚餐:白薯粥(一小碗),凉拌菠菜、饼(三两)
周日、:
减肥吃oslim20植物,
早餐:面包一小片,绿茶、苹果
午餐:胡萝卜、芹菜炒猪肝、煮鸡蛋(1个)、西红柿汤米饭一碗
晚餐:绿豆粥、蒜拌海带丝、馒头(1两)、生黄瓜
三餐平淡较为主要,同时注意按时吃,不要不吃饭,这样才是矫健饮食方式。[编辑本段]十种最佳饮食搭配法桌上要考究搭配,切确的搭配可能让我们获得更多养分。过失搭配不单会让食品落空养分,以至会让身体遭到危害。
鱼+豆腐
作用:味鲜,补钙,可戒备多种骨病,如儿童佝偻病、骨质疏松症等。
原理:豆腐含大宗钙质,若单吃,其吸取率较低,但与富含维生素D的鱼肉一齐吃,对钙的吸取与哄骗能起更佳效应。
猪肝+菠菜
作用:防治贫血。
原理:猪肝富含叶酸、维生素B12以及铁等造血原料,菠菜也含有较多的叶酸和铁,同食两种食物,一荤一素,相得益彰。你知道饮食与健康的关系。
羊肉+生姜
作用:冬令补虚佳品,可治腰背冷痛、四肢风湿疼痛等。
原理:羊肉可补气血和温肾阳,生姜有止痛祛风湿等作用。同食,生姜既能去腥膻等滋味,又能有助羊肉温阳祛寒。
鸡肉+栗子
作用:补血养身,适于贫血之人。
原理:鸡肉为造血疗虚之品,栗子重在健脾。栗子烧鸡不单滋味鲜美,造血成效更强,尤以老母鸡烧栗子效果更佳。相比看关于健康饮食方面的文章。
鸭肉+山药
作用:补阴养肺,适于体质软弱者。
原理:鸭肉补阴,并可消热止咳。山药的补阴作用更强,与鸭肉伴食,可消除清淡,同时可能很好地补肺
瘦肉+大蒜
作用:鼓吹血液循环,消除身体疲困、加强体质。
原理:瘦肉中含有维生素B1,饮食。与大蒜的蒜素联合,不单可能使维生素B1的析出量进步,延伸维生素B1在人体内的勾留时间,还能鼓吹血液循环以及尽快消除身体疲困、加强体质。
鸡蛋+百合
作用:滋阴润燥,清心安神。
原理:百合能清痰火,补虚损,而蛋黄能除烦热,补阴血,同食可能更好地清心补阴。
芝麻+海带
作用:美容,防朽迈。
原理:芝麻能改善血液循环,鼓吹推陈出新,下降胆固醇。海带则含有富厚的碘和钙,能污染血液,鼓吹甲状腺素的分解。同食则美容、抗朽迈效果更佳。
豆腐+萝卜
作用:有益消化。
原理:豆腐富含植物蛋白,脾胃弱的人多食会惹起消化不良。萝卜有很强的助消化能力,同煮可使豆腐养分被大宗吸取。想知道健康。
红葡萄酒+花生红酒
作用:有益心脏
原理:红葡萄酒中含有阿司匹林的成分,花生米中含有益的化合物白梨醇,二者同吃能戒备血栓变成,保证心血管通畅。
不可不知的饮食学问
1、常吃夜宵会得胃癌。
2、一个星期只能吃四个鸡蛋。
3、饭后吃水果实过失的概念。应是饭前吃水果。
4、喝豆浆时不要加鸡蛋及糖。
5、空腹时不要吃番茄,最好是饭后吃。
6、早上醒来先喝一杯水,戒备结石。
7、睡前三个小时不要吃东西。
8、少喝奶茶。
9、刚出炉的面包不宜立时食用。
10、每天喝酒不要逾越一杯。关于健康饮食的文章。
11、天天喝水八大杯。
12、一天不要喝两杯以上的咖啡。
13、多油脂的食物少吃。
14、10种吃了会愉逸的食物:深海鱼、香蕉、葡萄柚、全麦面包、菠菜、大蒜、南瓜、低脂牛奶、鸡肉、樱桃。
15、切确的饮食习俗:早上吃的像皇帝,正午吃的像平民,早晨吃的像乞丐。[编辑本段]矫健饮食的纯洁原则如何挣脱养分学的牵制?从实际下去讲很纯洁--把养分学的各种主张抛诸脑后,该吃啥就吃啥。但是鉴于目前的"食物环境",要在实际生活中做到这一点却不太容易。只管即便如此,要做到真正的矫健饮食,还是有一些纯洁的原则值得重视和遵循:
一,吃真正的食物
这一点说易行难,原因是今朝的市场上满盈着太多貌似食物的所谓"当代食品",如鲜果冰酸奶、早餐谷类条形饼干和非乳制奶油,会让你的曾祖母感到茫然。于是,提倡你请你的曾祖母佐理举办鉴定,她能认得进去的食品可能才是真正的食物。
二,避开号称有益矫健的加工食品
这些食品通常被太甚加工,饮食与健康的关系。所谓有益矫健的传布往往不能尽信。以天然黄油为例,它是首批号称有益矫健的加工食品之一,结果却被证明可能会诱发心脏病。
三,避开含有5种以上不熟谙成分的食品
固然这些成分一定有害,但是倘若一种食品内含这么多生疏的成分,文章。足以证明这种食品被太甚加工过。
四,尽量远离超市
在希奇菜市场里,你不会碰到"高果糖玉米糖浆"之类的加工食品,也不会碰到很久以前从很远的地点运来的食品。希奇菜市场里提供的是希奇矫健的食物。
五,吃贵点、吃少点
更好的食物,即更美味也许养分价值更高的食物,往往也会有更高的代价,这是由于这些食物往往需要经心的栽培,而且产量较少。
吃少点可能是最不受迎接的提倡,但它却有最充分的迷信证明:裁减卡路里摄入能延缓朽迈,少吃点有助戒备癌症。历史上不少人瑞都遵循"饭吃八分饱"的原则。
六,以吃蔬菜瓜果为主,多吃菜叶
迷信家对待蔬菜缘何有益矫健还没有相似的主见,但是他们都允许蔬菜对人体矫健确凿有益有害。此外,多吃蔬菜能够帮助你大大裁减卡路里的摄入。
七,参考一些保守饮食习俗
履行证明,法国、意大利、日本、希腊等饮食习俗遵循保守食物文明规则的民族,普遍比遵循"当代养分学"的美国人更矫健。保守的饮食习俗之所以能够代代相传,其中势必有一定的道理。想知道关于健康饮食的文章。
八,自己做饭
倘若可能的话,自己种一些瓜果蔬菜。这不但能帮助你远离快餐食品,还能帮助你远离湮没在快餐食品面前的价值观--食物是敏捷低价的。事实上,食物是弥足爱惜的,烹饪更是一门艺术。自己种植蔬菜,能够让你在吃到这些食物之前,仍旧先获得身体上的训练。
九,"食无忌讳"
尽量不挑食、不偏食。不但多尝试新的食物,还要多尝试新的菜系。吃得越多样化,你吸取的养分才可能越富厚和完整。[编辑本段]一天吃两顿饭最有益矫健俄罗斯有句谚语:"自己吃早餐,和一齐享用午餐,把晚餐留给冤家。"实际上这是在通告人们一日三餐如何吃才矫健。
一天吃两餐是兴办在人体生理特质基础上的。想知道健康饮食做法。人体必需等胃把所有食物消化完,再次发生饥饿感的时辰才具就餐。食物通常在胃里勾留6-8小时,这就意味着,两次就餐之间必需距离8-10个小时左右。每天吃两顿饭可能让胃获得充分的苏息,并为举办下一次消化做打算:蓄积酶、分泌粘液、修复胃粘膜、克复消化编制的压缩成效。
当胃在消化食物、特别是富含蛋白质的食物时,细胞会发生大多数盐酸、粘液和胃酶。固然这些都是领会蛋白质等化合物的主要成分,但是它们会对胃壁造成损害。于是,与其他消化器官相比,胃需要苏息更长的时间。
人体会主动调整以适应不同的就餐习俗。任何渺小的变化都会让人体发生倾轧或不适感。一般来说,一私人需要3个月时间来适应新的就餐习俗。
生理学家以为完善的摄取食物时间应当是这样的:上午7点到10点吃早餐。第二次就餐时间最好在6个小时以来,即下午1点到3点。[编辑本段]抗辐射、粉尘的食物:海带抗辐射:海带的提取物可加重同位素、射线对机体免疫成效的损害,并抑制免疫细胞的凋亡,从而具有抗辐射作用。
小米抗噪声:在噪声环境中,人体内的B族维生素花消量很大,应多食富含B族维生素的食物,如小米、燕麦、玉米等。
黑木耳黑木耳抗镉:慢性镉中毒会造成人体肾脏损害,或惹起骨骼疾病。黑木耳含有的植物胶质,可吸附议决消化道进入体内的镉,使其排出体外。看着饮食。
血豆腐抗粉尘:猪血、鸡鸭血中的血浆蛋白,经胃酸和消化酶领会后,可发生可解毒、滑肠的精神,并与入侵人体的粉尘、有害金属微粒发生回响反映,变成不易被人体吸取的精神,从消化道排出体外。
牛奶驱铅:每天早晚饮用牛奶可抵达驱铅的目标,由于牛奶所含的蛋白质成分能与体内的铅结分解可溶性化合物,不但阻挡人体对铅的吸取,还可能鼓吹铅的渗出。
大蒜抗亚硝胺:长期进食腌制、熏烤制品是消化道恶性肿瘤的主要危急成分,而大蒜对亚硝胺的分解有彰彰的抑制造用![编辑本段]食物搭配忌讳:1、牛奶与西兰花相克--同食会影响钙的吸取。
2、胡萝卜与白萝卜相克--同食影响维生素C的吸取。
3、甲鱼与芹菜相克--同食可使蛋白量变性影响养分吸取。
4、香菜与黄瓜相克--同食使维生素C遭捣乱。
5、醋与南瓜相克--同食时醋酸捣乱南瓜中养分成份。
6、金针菇与驴肉相克--同食易诱发心绞痛。
7、南瓜与油菜相克--同时吃下降养分价值。
8、鲫鱼与冬瓜相克--同食下降养分价值。
9、西红柿与黄瓜相克--同食使维生素C遭捣乱。
10、芹菜与鸡肉相克--同食下降养分价值。
11、竹笋与羊肉相克--同食易招致腹痛。
12、白菜与兔肉相克---同时使优良蛋白遭捣乱。
13、鲤鱼与狗肉相克--同食可发生倒霉于人体的精神。
14、田螺与猪肉相克--同食伤害胃肠成效。
15、蜂蜜与蟹肉相克--同食下降养分价值。
16、土豆与雀肉相克--同食使面部发生色素平静。
17、虾与大枣相克--同食可转化为砒霜(价砷)有毒。
18、西红柿与土豆相克--同食会腹痛、腹泻。
19、蜂蜜与洋葱相克--同食会腹胀、腹泻。
作文四:《关于饮食与健康的外文文章oz diet》21800字
The Oz Diet No more myths No more fads What you should eat — and why
The first time I looked into an open chest cavity at a heart muscle working to pump blood through the body, I was brought up short by the tragic graffiti of atherosclerotic plaque. This waxy goo, often found in overweight people, builds up in the vessels surrounding the organ in which, philosophers tell us, the soul lives. But I quickly pushed any such distracting thoughts from my mind.
I was learning to operate and was frankly thrilled at the prospect of harvesting
a leg vein to bypass the blockage. Surgeons are trained to think that way, and rightly so. Do a good day's work and a life is saved, a bad day's work and a patient dies. No room there for anything but the job at hand.
My objective was to heal with steel. That, in some ways, was the easy part. What confounded my colleagues and me was how and why our patients landed in our care in the first place — lying on a gurney, about to have their chest opened with a band saw. The biggest reason was often the simplest one: the food they ate.
Our natural history as a species is a vast canvas of events whose peaks and valleys, successes and tragedies were often determined by the availability or scarcity of food — that is, until the 20th century. While famine remains a terrible reality in some parts of the world, most of us have almost unrestricted access to food. We produce a safe and abundant supply of fruits, vegetables, meats and dairy; we seal it, freeze it and protect it from spoilage and contamination. We even fortify it with vitamins and other healthy additives. (See photos from the exhibit Food and American Identity at the National Archives.)
This was the kind of bounty early civilizations could only dream of. But our triumph of nutritional ingenuity has had an unfortunate inverse effect. A dietary free-for-all, in the U.S. and elsewhere, is producing not the healthiest generation in history but one in steady decline, with epidemics of obesity, cardiovascular disease and diabetes. More than two-thirds of U.S. adults, and more than a third of kids, are overweight or obese.
The problem isn't that people don't want to eat well and be well. Trust me, no one who's ever been wheeled into my operating room is happy to be there. And the problem, believe it or not, isn't that they doubt the wisdom of a healthy diet. More often than you'd think, the problem is that a lot of folks just don't know what a healthy diet looks like — and why should they, since the rules keep changing?
Time was, red meat was healthful, and pasta was bad; then pasta was great, and red meat was terrible, all of which lasted until the Atkins craze came along
and the rules flipped again. There were the Mediterranean diet and the South Beach diet and the low-fat diet and the grapefruit diet and, yes, the
cabbage-soup diet, and all of them promised great things. Red wine is the newest route to health, unless of course it's dark chocolate — or unless it turns out to be neither. With every cure, it seems, es a problem; every new truth somehow turns out to be part myth. (See photos of a worldwide day's worth of food.)
The good news is that we now know so much more than we ever did about how food reacts in our bodies — how specific molecules affect specific functions of specific cells. And with that es new insight into healthy eating that is more than just conventional wisdom or gimmickry. The era of myth and marketing is at last giving way to an era of hard fact. You'll like some of the new insights, and you won't like others, but you'd best get used to them. Unlike the fads and fashions that have e before, the facts aren't going anywhere soon.
Up Is Down
Want to get healthy? then forget about diet soda and low-fat foods. Instead, tuck into some eggs, whole milk, salt, fat, nuts, wine, chocolate and coffee. It's true. Despite conventional wisdom, all of those foods and many more can be beneficial to your body. But overindulge in them, and they can be as problematic as you've always been led to believe. The fact is that simple rules that divide things into good-food and bad-food categories tell you only a small part of the story. The rest of it is more plex than most folks know.
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Take fat. Of all the parts of the average diet that we've been told to avoid, it's fats that have gotten beaten up the most. The very word seems to be an indictment of the substance: We don't want to be fat, so why in the world should we eat fat?
But fats are by no means universally bad. Monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats are actually remended for good health. Monounsaturated fats — canola oil and olive oil — have been found to lower LDL cholesterol (the bad cholesterol) and raise HDL cholesterol (the good kind), thus reducing the risks of atherosclerosis and heart disease. Polyunsaturated fats like omega-3s lower LDL as well as reducing the risk of inflammation, heart disease and many other diseases. And omega-3s are also terrific for brain health. Bad fats generally include saturated fats (found in animal products), trans fats (found in hydrogenated and partially hydrogenated oils) and their cousin cholesterol (found in egg yolks, meats and dairy products). Even this general grouping, however, can be misleading: new
research is finding that some saturated fats (like those found in coconut oil) may actually be good for you and that dietary cholesterol may not affect blood cholesterol as much as was once thought. The only fat that is universally accepted as bad is trans fat, and that's now been stripped out of most foods. (See photos of a movable feast.)
The redemption of some fats — in moderation — is also leading to the redemption of the beleaguered egg. As a heart surgeon, I am continually struck by the variability in how people process dietary cholesterol. Most people have little issue with their blood-cholesterol levels after eating foods that are relatively high in cholesterol. But a few struggle with even small amounts of cholesterol in their diet. Those few, however, served as cautionary tales for everyone else, and so eggs and red meat, while dangerous if you eat them in excess, came to be seen as radioactive. Most physicians, however, are now fortably remending one egg with the yolk per day as an inexpensive source of high-quality protein, even though a few patients do need to be pulled off the program pending blood-cholesterol tests.
Salt is another example of a demonized pound. While our hearts can't beat without it, too much sodium can increase blood pressure to dangerous levels — but only in 10% of the population, with African Americans being particularly sensitive. The only way to know for sure if you're salt sensitive is to check your blood pressure after you consume salt and pare it with when you've been relatively salt-free. But even if your numbers stay within a healthy range, don't go crazy with the saltshaker. Sodium mingles with other elements in processed foods and stimulates our appetite, so it can help pack on pounds. The good news is that almost all hypertensive people, i.e., those whose resting blood pressure is more than 140/90, will benefit from reducing their salt intake — a simple step that translates to an average of five extra years of life for the typical 55-year-old. (See the best food-writing books in the All-TIME 100 Best Nonfiction Books.)
The reputation of red wine has similarly improved, to the delight of oenophiles. Resveratrol, an antioxidant found in grape skins, reduces the impact of bad cholesterol, which in turn reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease. Some animal studies show that it can help reduce obesity and diabetes too. However, since there's relatively little resveratrol in red wine — you'd have to drink 60 liters to get the full benefits — it's best to add this antioxidant to your list of supplements. (See page 62.) Still, you should drink some red wine every day: it has relatively few calories and induces milder hangovers than other sources of alcohol, and it is thought to raise good cholesterol and reduce the bad kind, as well as protect arteries against cholesterol-related damage. Red wine is also usually consumed in the pany of others, so it encourages human connection, a very powerful factor in maintaining health.
Chocolate is another source of antioxidants — in this case, in the form of flavonoids, which are what give cocoa beans their pungent taste. The darker the chocolate, the less adulterated with milk and other ingredients it is and the heavier the concentration of flavonoids. Nuts, though high in unsaturated fats and calories, can lower bad cholesterol and help curb hunger. The polyphenols in coffee, which is often shunned by the health-conscious, is in fact the No. 1 source of antioxidants in the Western world and in some studies has been associated with lower incidences of dementia, Parkinson's disease and Type 2 diabetes.
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Even the case against whole milk, condemned by some critics as nothing less than a glass of liquid fat, is more plex than it seems. It's true that kids who drink a lot of whole milk drink a lot of calories, but milk can actually help control weight, since calcium binds with fat in the food digesting in your gut, meaning that you absorb less of that fat. Some studies have seen no significant difference among skim, low-fat and whole milk when it es to weight control. What's more, when you take all the fat out of milk, you're left with too high a concentration of natural sugars, which interacts like candy with your hormones, especially insulin.
The key, for all of these foods, is moderation. Consume more than 16 oz. (0.5 L) of whole milk (or any two servings of dairy) per day and the calorie load swamps the health benefits. More than an ounce of dark chocolate a few times a week or two glasses of red wine per night can lead to weight gain in the first case and an increased risk of court appearances in the second. Too much coffee can make you jittery. Too much red meat — more than 18 oz. (0.5 kg) per week — can contribute to weight gain, not to mention denying you the benefits of getting more of your protein from fish, which is rich in brain-building omega-3 fatty acids. (See photos of gourmet food trucks.)
Diet of the Month
If simple truths about basic foods turn out to be as fraught with plexities as they are, it's no wonder that so many equally simple diet fads have e to grief. The popular landscape is strewn with weight-loss crazes that have e and gone, leaving American consumers disappointed, frustrated and no healthier than they were before.
One of the most dangerous food labels to e along in recent decades is the insidious
and thickeners. As people ate more and more fat-free goodies, they got extra-high doses of other ingredients that were bad for them. And without the filling effect of fat in food, you are left hungry and tend to eat more.
Other fads have included diets that dramatically restrict our food choices. With the cabbage-soup and grapefruit diets, advocates identified a new miracle food and built an entire eating regimen around it — a regimen that came with a promise of shedding a full 10 lb. (4.5 kg) in one week. In both of these food-idol diets, some weight does disappear quickly, mostly through loss of fluids. Neither diet is practical or nutritionally sound, and the weight returns as quickly as it es off. (See the top 10 TV chefs.)
Much more recent was the earthquake that was the Atkins diet, triggered by a 2002 in the New York Times Magazine. The Atkins regimen — lots of meat and very few carbohydrates (including the natural sugars in fruits and vegetables) — had been briefly popular more than 30 years earlier but became a cultural phenomenon after the Times story breathed new life into it. Market forces fed the craze, with menus reformulated to remove the last detectable carbohydrate molecule and carb-free labels slapped on foods that never contained them in the first place. Artisanal bakers wept (no carbs means no baguettes), and the überfaithful began to suffer the bad breath of ketoacidosis, which occurs when glycogen stores are too low.
But weight was being lost — lots of it. The problem was, the loss was not being sustained. There are only so many foods you can ban before people's palates rebel, and when you pretty much take pasta, bread, fruits and vegetables off the menu, that rebellion will happen sooner rather than later. What's more, the foods that were permitted — particularly the much-relied-on meats — can lead to inflammation and irritation, causing some physicians to worry that heart attacks and strokes could result.
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South Beach and other Atkins derivatives make the diet more palatable by allowing more fruits and vegetables. The newest alterna-Atkins is the popular paleo diet, which postulates that since the human genome appeared in its current form during the Paleolithic Period — about 2.6 million to 10,000 years ago — we are genetically designed to eat what was available then. The paleo diet focuses on lean meats and fish, fresh fruits and nonstarchy vegetables. It eliminates dairy, grains and legumes because they didn't appear on our menus until about 12,000 years ago. According to some clinical trials, the diet has indeed been shown to lower the risk of cardiovascular disease, high blood pressure and inflammation as well as reduce ae, improve athletic performance and help with weight loss.
Many nutritionists, however, are concerned about eliminating whole grains and dairy products. A wealth of research shows that both can help decrease the risk of certain cancers and heart disease. What's more, it's worth remembering that cavemen tended to be much shorter than modern people and often died in their 40s — in part because they weren't eating a diet that left them with much ability to fight off infection (or saber-toothed tigers). I would rather follow a diet that sees me lucid and active enough to play with my grandchildren than one under which I die young but look great. (See the top 10 state fair foods.) Personalized Eating
It's no secret that a diet that's good for a boy in his prime growth-spurt years is not so good for a middle-aged man, or that what counts as adequate nutrients for a woman when she is breast-feeding in her 20s is different from when she is postmenopausal in her 70s. Yet as consumers, we accept blanket statements about how many servings of which food groups to eat and what constitutes optimum calorie counts and vitamin percentages. I have performed more than 5,000 heart surgeries, and I remend a diet low in saturated and trans fats to prevent the buildup of arterial plaque. But I still can't tell you why I can see two patients in one afternoon who have both spent decades eating large amounts of bacon, butter and baked goods and yet have pletely opposite angiogram reports.
The University of North Carolina Nutrition Research Institute is a leader in the growing field of individualized nutrition, studying what's known as nutrigenomics: the link between genes and diet. The science is a paratively new one, but the early reports are tantalizing.
One study of mice, for example, has pinpointed a binding protein in some individuals that overactivates a suite of genes involved in the synthesis and uptake of cholesterol and other fats. That in turn can lead to insulin resistance, high triglycerides and a condition called fatty liver, in which fat builds up in the liver and inhibits its ability to filter toxins in the blood. People with a similar genetic glitch might be similarly sensitive to dietary fats and have to adjust what they eat accordingly. Another mouse study has found a gene variation that specifically affects the risk of developing high-LDL cholesterol. Yet another has found a gene variation that plays a role in how susceptible individuals are to the carcinogens that are produced when meat is cooked at high temperatures. (See the top 10 things you didn't know about doughnuts.)
It's too early for these and other nutrigenomic studies to have clinical applications, but your doctor should already be looking at food as a tool for disease prevention — at least when it es to regulating the intake of salt, cholesterol and other substances in people who are sensitive to them. Food allergies e into play here too. You can hardly remend wheat-based
cereal to someone who can't process gluten, or milk to a person who's lactose intolerant.
But pulling those foods out of the diet and replacing them with nothing — or worse, with junk — is hardly the answer. Instead, try whole grains without gluten, like quinoa and chia; also try yogurt, kefir, cheese and other fermented dairy products that contain less lactose than fresh dairy foods because the bacteria used to make them digest some of the lactose, so you don't have to. The longer a cheese is aged, the less lactose it has. (A sharp cheddar aged for two years contains almost none at all.) The vast constellation of food that's available to us means that almost anyone's nutritional needs can be met — even if it takes a little work.
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The Hard Truth
Of all the changes taking place on the food front, one of the most important concerns the balance between diet and exercise. It's still true that to maintain a healthy weight, calories consumed must equal calories burned. Tip that balance one way and you drop pounds; tip it the other way and you gain. Period. Paragraph.
But this summer a landmark study in the New England Journal of Medicine found that it's not just how much food you eat, but which kind, that influences weight gain. After adjusting for age, baseline body mass index and lifestyle factors such as exercise and sleep duration in 120,000 participants, the authors found that the foods most associated with adding pounds over a four-year period were french fries, potato chips, sugary drinks, meats, sweets and refined grains. The foods most associated with shedding pounds were yogurt, nuts, whole grains, fruits and vegetables. But there's more than simple caloric arithmetic at work here.
When you sit down to a meal, your brain is looking for nutrients, not calories, and will prod you to eat until you're satisfied. That's one of the many reasons it's harder to push away from a plate of fries or a bowl of ice cream than from a healthier meal of fruits, vegetables, grains and lean meats. A simple matter of digestive mechanics is at work too. High-fiber foods expand in the stomach, slowing digestion and augmenting satiety. That's the reason I try to eat fruit or a handful of nuts prior to a big meal. Consuming a controlled amount of calories from the right kind of food now helps avoid taking in many more calories from the wrong kind later. (See 10 great iPhone apps for
foodies.)
Another hard truth is that despite what we think, there is probably not some elusive superfood out in a distant rain forest waiting to be discovered. That
said, we do know of some extraordinary foods that are already available in abundance. Berries are increasingly seen as having a profound impact against age-related diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular illness, diabetes and mental decline, thanks to their high levels of antioxidants and
anti-inflammatory properties. Broccoli is high in fiber and has been shown to have cholesterol-lowering benefits. It's also rich in sulfur pounds, which are good for the liver and thus strengthen the body's natural detoxification systems.
In the category of Things Your Mother Was Right About All Along, you really and truly should take your vitamins. We like to think that if we're smart, we can get all of our needed nutrients from what we eat. But judging by food diaries, this is true for only a small percentage of the population. What's more, while the body manufactures some vitamins nonnutritionally — the way sunlight helps us generate vitamin D — there is a long list of nutrients we can get only from food, including calcium, fiber, folate, iodine, iron, magnesium and potassium. Even if you chart every morsel that goes in your mouth, I promise you that a daily multivitamin is an easier and more reliable way to ensure that you're not leaving anything out. (See the best lunchboxes for kids and their parents.)
Finally — no surprise — you should be serious about exercising. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention remends that all adults get a minimum of 150 minutes of moderate aerobic activity — like brisk walking — per week, which es down to just over 20 minutes per day. As an alternative, you could go for 75 minutes a week of a vigorous activity like jogging.
Muscle-strengthening exercises two or more days a week are also essential to maintaining fitness and building lean muscle mass, which makes your metabolism more efficient. And keep in mind that we all overestimate the caloric benefit of exercise. A 160-lb. (73 kg) person who puts in a full hour of low-impact aerobics burns 365 calories, which is not bad, but all that work is entirely erased if you reward yourself with a muffin instead of an apple after class.
No one pretends that achieving and maintaining an ideal weight is an easy thing to do, but the list of rules to get you there is nonetheless simple: Eat in moderation; choose foods that look like they did when they came out of the ground (remember, there are no marshmallow trees); be an omnivore (there are multiple food groups for a reason); and get some exercise. Human beings are the only species in the world that has figured out how to be in plete control of its own food supply. The challenge now is to make sure the food doesn't take control of us.
Read more:
://.time./time/magazine//0,9171,2091389,00.html#ixzz1kpH RZgCp
作文五:《关于饮食与健康的外文文章ozdiet》23900字
The Oz Diet No more myths? No more fads What you shoul?d eat—and why
The first? time I looke?d into an open chest? cavit?y at a heart? muscl?e worki?ng to pump blood? throu?gh the body, I was broug?ht up short? by the tragi?c graff?iti of ather?oscle?rotic? plaqu?e. This waxy goo, often? found? in overw?eight? peopl?e, build?s up in the vesse?ls surro?undin?g the organ? in which?, philo?sophe?rs tell us, the soul lives?. But I quick?ly pushe?d any such distr?actin?g thoug?hts from my mind. I was learn?ing to opera?te and was frank?ly thril?led at the prosp?ect of harve?sting? a leg vein to bypas?s the block?age. Surge?ons are train?ed to think? that way, and right?ly so. Do a good day's work and a life is saved?, a bad day's work and a patie?nt dies. No room there? for anyth?ing but the job at hand. My objec?tive was to heal with steel?. That, in some ways, was the easy part.
What confo?unded? my colle?agues? and me was how and why our patie?nts lande?d in our care in the first? place? — lying? on a gurne?y, about? to have their? chest? opene?d with a band saw. The bigge?st reaso?n was often? the simpl?est one: the food they ate.
Our natur?al histo?ry as a speci?es is a vast canva?s of event?s whose? peaks? and valle?ys, succe?sses and trage?dies were often? deter?mined? by the avail?abili?ty or scarc?ity of food — that is, until? the 20th centu?ry. While? famin?e remai?ns a terri?ble reali?ty in some parts? of the world?, most of us have almos?t unres?trict?ed acces?s to food. We produ?ce a safe and abund?ant suppl?y of fruit?s, veget?ables?, meats? and dairy?; we seal it, freez?e it and prote?ct it from spoil?age and conta?minat?ion. We even forti?fy it with vitam?ins and other? healt?hy addit?ives. (See photo?s from the exhib?it Food and Ameri?can Ident?ity at the Natio?nal Archi?ves.)
This was the kind of bount?y early? civil?izati?ons could? only dream? of. But our trium?ph of nutri?tiona?l ingen?uity has had an unfor?tunat?e inver?se effec?t. A dieta?ry free-for-all, in the U.S. and elsew?here, is produ?cing not the healt?hiest?
gener?ation? in histo?ry but one in stead?y decli?ne, with epide?mics of obesi?ty, cardi?ovasc?ular disea?se and diabe?tes. More than two-third?s of U.S. adult?s, and more than a third? of kids, are overw?eight? or obese?.
The probl?em isn't that peopl?e don't want to eat well and be well. Trust? me, no one who's ever been wheel?ed into my opera?ting room is happy? to be there?. And the probl?em, belie?ve it or not, isn't that they doubt? the wisdo?m of a healt?hy diet. More often? than you'd think?, the probl?em is that a lot of folks? just don't know what a healt?hy diet looks? like — and why shoul?d they, since? the rules? keep chang?ing?
Time was, red meat was healt?hful, and pasta? was bad; then pasta? was great?, and red meat was terri?ble, all of which? laste?d until? the Atkin?s craze? came along?
and the rules? flipp?ed again?. There? were the Medit?erran?ean diet and the South? Beach? diet and the low-fat diet and the grape?fruit? diet and, yes, the cabba?ge-soup diet, and all of them promi?sed great? thing?s. Red wine is the newes?t route? to healt?h, unles?s of cours?e it's dark choco?late — or unles?s it turns? out to be neith?er. With every? cure, it seems?, es? a probl?em; every? new truth? someh?ow turns? out to be part myth. (See photo?s of a world?wide day's worth? of food.)
The good news is that we now know so much more than we ever did about?
how food react?s in our bodie?s — how speci?fic molec?ules affec?t speci?fic funct?ions of speci?fic cells?. And with that es? new insig?ht into healt?hy eatin?g that is more than just conve?ntion?al wisdo?m or gimmi?ckry. The era of myth and marke?ting is at last givin?g way to an era of hard fact. You'll like some of the
new insig?hts, and you won't like other?s, but you'd best get used to them. Unlik?e the fads and fashi?ons that have e befor?e, the facts? aren't going? anywh?ere soon.
Up Is Down
Want to get healt?hy? then forge?t about? diet soda and low-fat foods?. Inste?ad, tuck into some eggs, whole? milk, salt, fat, nuts, wine, choco?late and coffe?e.
It's true. Despi?te conve?ntion?al wisdo?m, all of those? foods? and many more can be benef?icial? to your body. But overi?ndulg?e in them, and they can be as probl?emati?c as you've alway?s been led to belie?ve. The fact is that simpl?e rules? that divid?e thing?s into good-food and bad-food categ?ories? tell you only a small? part of the story?. The rest of it is more pl?ex than most folks? know.
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Take fat. Of all the parts? of the avera?ge diet that we've been told to avoid?, it's fats that have gotte?n beate?n up the most. The very word seems? to be an indic?tment? of the subst?ance: We don't want to be fat, so why in the world?
shoul?d we eat fat?
But fats are by no means? unive?rsall?y bad. Monou?nsatu?rated? and
polyu?nsatu?rated? fats are actua?lly re?mende?d for good healt?h.
Monou?nsatu?rated? fats — canol?a oil and olive? oil — have been found? to lower? LDL chole?stero?l (the bad chole?stero?l) and raise? HDL chole?stero?l (the good kind), thus reduc?ing the risks? of ather?oscle?rosis? and heart? disea?se. Polyu?nsatu?rated? fats like omega?-3s lower? LDL as well as reduc?ing the risk of infla?mmati?on, heart? disea?se and many other? disea?ses. And omega?-3s are also terri?fic for brain? healt?h. Bad fats gener?ally inclu?de satur?ated fats (found? in anima?l produ?cts), trans? fats (found? in hydro?genat?ed and parti?ally hydro?genat?ed oils) and their? cousi?n chole?stero?l (found? in egg yolks?, meats? and dairy?
produ?cts). Even this gener?al group?ing, howev?er, can be misle?ading?: new
resea?rch is findi?ng that some satur?ated fats (like those? found? in cocon?ut oil) may actua?lly be good for you and that dieta?ry chole?stero?l may not affec?t blood? chole?stero?l as much as was once thoug?ht. The only fat that is unive?rsall?y
accep?ted as bad is trans? fat, and that's now been strip?ped out of most foods?.
(See photo?s of a movab?le feast?.)
The redem?ption? of some fats — in moder?ation? — is also leadi?ng to the redem?ption? of the belea?guere?d egg. As a heart? surge?on, I am conti?nuall?y
struc?k by the varia?bilit?y in how peopl?e proce?ss dieta?ry chole?stero?l. Most peopl?e have littl?e issue? with their? blood?-chole?stero?l level?s after? eatin?g foods? that are relat?ively? high in chole?stero?l. But a few strug?gle with even small? amoun?ts of chole?stero?l in their? diet. Those? few, howev?er, serve?d as cauti?onary? tales? for every?one else, and so eggs and red meat, while? dange?rous if you eat them in exces?s, came to be seen as radio?activ?e. Most physi?cians?, howev?er, are now fo?rtabl?y re?mendi?ng one egg with the yolk per day as an inexp?ensiv?e sourc?e of high-quali?ty prote?in, even thoug?h a few patie?nts do need to be pulle?d off the progr?am pendi?ng blood?-chole?stero?l tests?.
Salt is anoth?er examp?le of a demon?ized po?und. While? our heart?s can't beat witho?ut it, too much sodiu?m can incre?ase blood? press?ure to dange?rous level?s — but only in 10% of the popul?ation?, with Afric?an Ameri?cans being? parti?cular?ly sensi?tive. The only way to know for sure if you're salt sensi?tive is to check? your blood? press?ure after? you consu?me salt and pa?re it with when you've been relat?ively? salt-free. But even if your numbe?rs stay withi?n a healt?hy range?, don't go crazy? with the salts?haker?. Sodiu?m mingl?es with other? eleme?nts in proce?ssed foods? and stimu?lates? our appet?ite, so it can help pack on pound?s. The good news is that almos?t all hyper?tensi?ve peopl?e, i.e., those? whose? resti?ng blood? press?ure is more than 140/90, will benef?it from reduc?ing their? salt intak?e — a simpl?e step that trans?lates? to an avera?ge of five extra? years? of life for the typic?al 55-year-old. (See the best food-writi?ng books? in the All-TIME 100 Best Nonfi?ction? Books?.)
The reput?ation? of red wine has simil?arly impro?ved, to the delig?ht of oenop?hiles?. Resve?ratro?l, an antio?xidan?t found? in grape? skins?, reduc?es the impac?t of bad chole?stero?l, which? in turn reduc?es the risk of cardi?ovasc?ular disea?se. Some anima?l studi?es show that it can help reduc?e obesi?ty and diabe?tes too. Howev?er, since? there?'s relat?ively? littl?e resve?ratro?l in red wine — you'd have to drink? 60 liter?s to get the full benef?its — it's best to add this antio?xidan?t to your list of suppl?ement?s. (See page 62.) Still?, you shoul?d drink? some red wine every? day: it has relat?ively? few calor?ies and induc?es milde?r hango?vers than other? sourc?es of alcoh?ol, and it is thoug?ht to raise? good chole?stero?l and reduc?e the bad kind, as well as prote?ct arter?ies again?st chole?stero?l-relat?ed damag?e. Red wine is also usual?ly consu?med in the pa?ny of other?s, so it encou?rages? human?
conne?ction?, a very power?ful facto?r in maint?ainin?g healt?h.
Choco?late is anoth?er sourc?e of antio?xidan?ts — in this case, in the form of flavo?noids?, which? are what give cocoa? beans? their? punge?nt taste?. The darke?r the choco?late, the less adult?erate?d with milk and other? ingre?dient?s it is and the heavi?er the conce?ntrat?ion of flavo?noids?. Nuts, thoug?h high in unsat?urate?d fats and calor?ies, can lower? bad chole?stero?l and help curb hunge?r. The polyp?henol?s
in coffe?e, which? is often? shunn?ed by the healt?h-consc?ious, is in fact the No. 1 sourc?e of antio?xidan?ts in the Weste?rn world? and in some studi?es has been assoc?iated? with lower? incid?ences? of demen?tia, Parki?nson's disea?se and Type 2 diabe?tes.
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Even the case again?st whole? milk, conde?mned by some criti?cs as nothi?ng less than a glass? of liqui?d fat, is more pl?ex than it seems?. It's true that kids who drink? a lot of whole? milk drink? a lot of calor?ies, but milk can actua?lly help contr?ol
weigh?t, since? calci?um binds? with fat in the food diges?ting in your gut, meani?ng
that you absor?b less of that fat. Some studi?es have seen no signi?fican?t
diffe?rence? among? skim, low-fat and whole? milk when it es? to weigh?t
contr?ol. What's more, when you take all the fat out of milk, you're left with too
high a conce?ntrat?ion of natur?al sugar?s, which? inter?acts like candy? with your hormo?nes, espec?ially? insul?in.
The key, for all of these? foods?, is moder?ation?. Consu?me more than 16 oz. (0.5 L) of whole? milk (or any two servi?ngs of dairy?) per day and the calor?ie load
swamp?s the healt?h benef?its. More than an ounce? of dark choco?late a few times?
a week or two glass?es of red wine per night? can lead to weigh?t gain in the first?
case and an incre?ased risk of court? appea?rance?s in the secon?d. Too much coffe?e can make you jitte?ry. Too much red meat — more than 18 oz. (0.5 kg) per week — can contr?ibute? to weigh?t gain, not to menti?on denyi?ng you the
benef?its of getti?ng more of your prote?in from fish, which? is rich in brain?-build?ing omega?-3 fatty? acids?. (See photo?s of gourm?et food truck?s.)
Diet of the Month?
If simpl?e truth?s about? basic? foods? turn out to be as fraug?ht with pl?exiti?es as they are, it's no wonde?r that so many equal?ly simpl?e diet fads have e to grief?. The popul?ar lands?cape is strew?n with weigh?t-loss craze?s that have e and gone, leavi?ng Ameri?can consu?mers disap?point?ed, frust?rated? and no healt?hier than they were befor?e.
One of the most dange?rous food label?s to e along? in recen?t decad?es is the insid?ious "fat free" monik?er. These? two littl?e words? grant?ed absol?ution? to
anyon?e who indul?ged and gave the illus?ion that porti?on size and sugar? conte?nt didn't matte?r. Manuf?actur?ers looki?ng to cash in on fat-phobi?c consu?mers
becam?e very good at strip?ping natur?al fats from produ?cts; but what was lost in taste? and textu?re had to be pe?nsate?d for by addin?g more sodiu?m, sugar?
and thick?eners?. As peopl?e ate more and more fat-free goodi?es, they got extra?-high doses? of other? ingre?dient?s that were bad for them. And witho?ut the filli?ng effec?t of fat in food, you are left hungr?y and tend to eat more. Other? fads have inclu?ded diets? that drama?tical?ly restr?ict our food choic?es. With the cabba?ge-soup and grape?fruit? diets?, advoc?ates ident?ified? a new mirac?le food and built? an entir?e eatin?g regim?en aroun?d it — a regim?en that came with a promi?se of shedd?ing a full 10 lb. (4.5 kg) in one week. In both of these? food-idol diets?, some weigh?t does disap?pear quick?ly, mostl?y throu?gh loss of fluid?s. Neith?er diet is pract?ical or nutri?tiona?lly sound?, and the weigh?t retur?ns as quick?ly as it es? off. (See the top 10 TV chefs?.)
Much more recen?t was the earth?quake? that was the Atkin?s diet, trigg?ered by a 2002 artic?le in the New York Times? Magaz?ine. The Atkin?s regim?en — lots of meat and very few carbo?hydra?tes (inclu?ding the natur?al sugar?s in fruit?s and veget?ables?) — had been brief?ly popul?ar more than 30 years? earli?er but becam?e a cultu?ral pheno?menon? after? the Times? story? breat?hed new life into it. Marke?t force?s fed the craze?, with menus? refor?mulat?ed to remov?e the last detec?table? carbo?hydra?te molec?ule and carb-free label?s slapp?ed on foods? that never? conta?ined them in the first? place?. Artis?anal baker?s wept (no carbs? means? no bague?ttes), and the überf?aithf?ul began? to suffe?r the bad breat?h of ketoa?cidos?is, which? occur?s when glyco?gen store?s are too low.
But weigh?t was being? lost — lots of it. The probl?em was, the loss was not being? susta?ined. There? are only so many foods? you can ban befor?e peopl?e's palat?es rebel?, and when you prett?y much take pasta?, bread?, fruit?s and veget?ables? off the menu, that rebel?lion will happe?n soone?r rathe?r than later?. What's more, the foods? that were permi?tted — parti?cular?ly the much-relie?d-on meats? — can lead to infla?mmati?on and irrit?ation?, causi?ng some physi?cians? to worry? that heart? attac?ks and strok?es could? resul?t.
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South? Beach? and other? Atkin?s deriv?ative?s make the diet more palat?able by allow?ing more fruit?s and veget?ables?. The newes?t alter?na-Atkin?s is the popul?ar paleo? diet, which? postu?lates? that since? the human? genom?e appea?red in its curre?nt form durin?g the Paleo?lithi?c Perio?d — about? 2.6 milli?on to 10,000 years? ago — we are genet?icall?y desig?ned to eat what was avail?able then. The paleo? diet focus?es on lean meats? and fish, fresh? fruit?s and nonst?archy? veget?ables?. It elimi?nates? dairy?, grain?s and legum?es becau?se they didn't appea?r on our menus? until? about? 12,000 years? ago. Accor?ding to some clini?cal trial?s, the diet has indee?d been shown? to lower? the risk of cardi?ovasc?ular disea?se, high blood? press?ure and infla?mmati?on as well as reduc?e ae, impro?ve athle?tic perfo?rmanc?e and help with weigh?t loss.
Many nutri?tioni?sts, howev?er, are conce?rned about? elimi?natin?g whole? grain?s and dairy? produ?cts. A wealt?h of resea?rch shows? that both can help decre?ase the risk of certa?in cance?rs and heart? disea?se. What's more, it's worth? remem?berin?g that cavem?en tende?d to be much short?er than moder?n peopl?e and often? died in their? 40s — in part becau?se they weren?'t eatin?g a diet that left them with much
abili?ty to fight? off infec?tion (or saber?-tooth?ed tiger?s). I would? rathe?r follo?w a diet that sees me lucid? and activ?e enoug?h to play with my grand?child?ren than one under? which? I die young? but look great?. (See the top 10 state? fair foods?.) Perso?naliz?ed Eatin?g
It's no secre?t that a diet that's good for a boy in his prime? growt?h-spurt? years? is not so good for a middl?e-aged man, or that what count?s as adequ?ate nutri?ents for a woman? when she is breas?t-feedi?ng in her 20s is diffe?rent from when she is postm?enopa?usal in her 70s. Yet as consu?mers, we accep?t blank?et
state?ments? about? how many servi?ngs of which? food group?s to eat and what const?itute?s optim?um calor?ie count?s and vitam?in perce?ntage?s. I have perfo?rmed more than 5,000 heart? surge?ries, and I re?mend a diet low in satur?ated and trans? fats to preve?nt the build?up of arter?ial plaqu?e. But I still? can't tell you why I can see two patie?nts in one after?noon who have both spent? decad?es eatin?g large? amoun?ts of bacon?, butte?r and baked? goods? and yet have pl?etely? oppos?ite angio?gram repor?ts.
The Unive?rsity? of North? Carol?ina Nutri?tion Resea?rch Insti?tute is a leade?r in the growi?ng field? of indiv?idual?ized nutri?tion, study?ing what's known? as
nutri?genom?ics: the link betwe?en genes? and diet. The scien?ce is a pa?rativ?ely new one, but the early? repor?ts are tanta?lizin?g.
One study? of mice, for examp?le, has pinpo?inted? a bindi?ng prote?in in some indiv?idual?s that overa?ctiva?tes a suite? of genes? invol?ved in the synth?esis and uptak?e of chole?stero?l and other? fats. That in turn can lead to insul?in resis?tance?, high trigl?yceri?des and a condi?tion calle?d fatty? liver?, in which? fat build?s up in the liver? and inhib?its its abili?ty to filte?r toxin?s in the blood?. Peopl?e with a simil?ar genet?ic glitc?h might? be simil?arly sensi?tive to dieta?ry fats and have to adjus?t what they eat accor?dingl?y. Anoth?er mouse? study? has found? a gene varia?tion that speci?fical?ly affec?ts the risk of devel?oping? high-LDL chole?stero?l. Yet anoth?er has found? a gene varia?tion that plays? a role in how susce?ptibl?e
indiv?idual?s are to the carci?nogen?s that are produ?ced when meat is cooke?d at high tempe?ratur?es. (See the top 10 thing?s you didn't know about?
dough?nuts.)
It's too early? for these? and other? nutri?genom?ic studi?es to have clini?cal appli?catio?ns, but your docto?r shoul?d alrea?dy be looki?ng at food as a tool for disea?se preve?ntion? — at least? when it es? to regul?ating? the intak?e of salt, chole?stero?l and other? subst?ances? in peopl?e who are sensi?tive to them. Food aller?gies e into play here too. You can hardl?y re?mend wheat?-based?
cerea?l to someo?ne who can't proce?ss glute?n, or milk to a perso?n who's lacto?se intol?erant?.
But pulli?ng those? foods? out of the diet and repla?cing them with nothi?ng — or worse?, with junk — is hardl?y the answe?r. Inste?ad, try whole? grain?s witho?ut glute?n, like quino?a and chia; also try yogur?t, kefir?, chees?e and other? ferme?nted dairy? produ?cts that conta?in less lacto?se than fresh? dairy? foods? becau?se the bacte?ria used to make them diges?t some of the lacto?se, so you don't have to. The longe?r a chees?e is aged, the less lacto?se it has. (A sharp? chedd?ar aged for two years? conta?ins almos?t none at all.) The vast const?ellat?ion of food that's avail?able to us means? that almos?t anyon?e's nutri?tiona?l needs? can be met — even if it takes? a littl?e work.
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The Hard Truth?
Of all the chang?es takin?g place? on the food front?, one of the most impor?tant conce?rns the balan?ce betwe?en diet and exerc?ise. It's still? true that to maint?ain a healt?hy weigh?t, calor?ies consu?med must equal? calor?ies burne?d. Tip that balan?ce one way and you drop pound?s; tip it the other? way and you gain. Perio?d. Parag?raph.
But this summe?r a landm?ark study? in the New Engla?nd Journ?al of Medic?ine found? that it's not just how much food you eat, but which? kind, that influ?ences? weigh?t gain. After? adjus?ting for age, basel?ine body mass index? and lifes?tyle facto?rs such as exerc?ise and sleep? durat?ion in 120,000 parti?cipan?ts, the autho?rs found? that the foods? most assoc?iated? with addin?g pound?s over a four-year perio?d were frenc?h fries?, potat?o chips?, sugar?y drink?s, meats?, sweet?s and refin?ed grain?s. The foods? most assoc?iated? with shedd?ing pound?s were yogur?t, nuts, whole? grain?s, fruit?s and veget?ables?. But there?'s more than simpl?e calor?ic arith?metic? at work here.
When you sit down to a meal, your brain? is looki?ng for nutri?ents, not calor?ies, and will prod you to eat until? you're satis?fied. That's one of the many reaso?ns it's harde?r to push away from a plate? of fries? or a bowl of ice cream? than from a healt?hier meal of fruit?s, veget?ables?, grain?s and lean meats?. A simpl?e matte?r of diges?tive mecha?nics is at work too. High-fiber? foods? expan?d in the stoma?ch, slowi?ng diges?tion and augme?nting? satie?ty. That's the reaso?n I try to eat fruit? or a handf?ul of nuts prior? to a big meal. Consu?ming a contr?olled? amoun?t of calor?ies from the right? kind of food now helps? avoid? takin?g in many more calor?ies from the wrong? kind later?. (See 10 great? iPhon?e apps for foodi?es.)
Anoth?er hard truth? is that despi?te what we think?, there? is proba?bly not some elusi?ve super?food out in a dista?nt rain fores?t waiti?ng to be disco?vered?. That
said, we do know of some extra?ordin?ary foods? that are alrea?dy avail?able in abund?ance. Berri?es are incre?asing?ly seen as havin?g a profo?und impac?t again?st age-relat?ed disea?ses, inclu?ding cance?r, cardi?ovasc?ular illne?ss, diabe?tes and menta?l decli?ne, thank?s to their? high level?s of antio?xidan?ts and anti-infla?mmato?ry prope?rties?. Brocc?oli is high in fiber? and has been shown? to have chole?stero?l-lower?ing benef?its. It's also rich in sulfu?r po?unds, which? are good for the liver? and thus stren?gthen? the body's natur?al detox?ifica?tion syste?ms.
In the categ?ory of Thing?s Your Mothe?r Was Right? About? All Along?, you reall?y and truly? shoul?d take your vitam?ins. We like to think? that if we're smart?, we can get all of our neede?d nutri?ents from what we eat. But judgi?ng by food diari?es, this is true for only a small? perce?ntage? of the popul?ation?. What's more, while? the body manuf?actur?es some vitam?ins nonnu?triti?onall?y — the way sunli?ght helps? us gener?ate vitam?in D — there? is a long list of nutri?ents we can get only from food, inclu?ding calci?um, fiber?, folat?e, iodin?e, iron, magne?sium and potas?sium. Even if you chart? every? morse?l that goes in your mouth?, I promi?se you that a daily? multi?vitam?in is an easie?r and more relia?ble way to ensur?e that you're not leavi?ng anyth?ing out. (See the best lunch?boxes? for kids and their? paren?ts.)
Final?ly — no surpr?ise — you shoul?d be serio?us about? exerc?ising?. The Cente?rs for Disea?se Contr?ol and Preve?ntion? re?mends? that all adult?s get a minim?um of 150 minut?es of moder?ate aerob?ic activ?ity — like brisk? walki?ng — per week, which? es? down to just over 20 minut?es per day. As an alter?nativ?e, you could? go for 75 minut?es a week of a vigor?ous activ?ity like joggi?ng.
Muscl?e-stren?gthen?ing exerc?ises two or more days a week are also essen?tial to maint?ainin?g fitne?ss and build?ing lean muscl?e mass, which? makes? your metab?olism? more effic?ient. And keep in mind that we all overe?stima?te the calor?ic benef?it of exerc?ise. A 160-lb. (73 kg) perso?n who puts in a full hour of low-impac?t aerob?ics burns? 365 calor?ies, which? is not bad, but all that work is
entir?ely erase?d if you rewar?d yours?elf with a muffi?n inste?ad of an apple? after? class?.
No one prete?nds that achie?ving and maint?ainin?g an ideal? weigh?t is an easy thing? to do, but the list of rules? to get you there? is nonet?heles?s simpl?e: Eat in moder?ation?; choos?e foods? that look like they did when they came out of the
groun?d (remem?ber, there? are no marsh?mallo?w trees?); be an omniv?ore (there? are multi?ple food group?s for a reaso?n); and get some exerc?ise. Human? being?s are the only speci?es in the world? that has figur?ed out how to be in pl?ete contr?ol of its own food suppl?y. The chall?enge now is to make sure the food doesn?'t take contr?ol of us.
Read more:
://.time./time/magaz?ine/artic?le/0,9171,20913?89,00.html#ixzz1?kpH
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作文六:《关于饮食的文章》6000字
人生在世,吃穿二事,很早我们就知道了这句话。人虽然作为高级动物,但仍需 要与普通动物一样:“ 吃 ” 。 所以, 零零总总令人眼花缭乱的各类美食也孕育而生, 从古至今, 长盛不衰。 饮食行业也成为三百六十行常展长新的行当, 而饮食业也 形成了自己的独特的文化,说的更直接些就是一种 “ 吃 ” 的文化。
中国有着 5000年的悠久历史,中国有着灿烂丰富、博大精深的饮食文化;中 国人注重 “ 天人合一 ” ,中餐以食表意、以物传情的特点。所以也就使得中国传统 的饮食美食都 “ 食出有门 ” 如中华饮食文化理论奠基人 ?? 孔子的《论语》中就有关 于饮食 “ 二不厌、三适度、十不食 ” 的论述。直至两千年后的今日,仍具有极高的 理论指导性。中华茶道始主 ?? 陆羽认为茶道在中华饮食文化中的地位几乎与酒 等量齐观,他曾遍访名茶产区荐评品第,又精研泉水,次第品级。中华食文化之 圣 ?? 袁枚其《随园食单》经历五十年才写成,成为中华饮食史上光前裕后之作, 也有中华饮食文化 “ 食经 ” 的美誉。还有以味道治国的大臣 ?? 伊尹将饮食的 “ 色、 香、味、形 ” 与治国相融合,所以就有了 “ 治国若烹小鲜 ” 之说。
由此,这就形成了我们传统的饮食有 “ 四重 ” 的特点:
1、重食:古人就有:“ 民以食为天 ” 之说,见面常问 “ 吃过没有? ” 足见饮食文化 的地位。
2、重养:以 “ 五谷 ” 养 “ 六脏 ” ,饮食中重视人体养生保健。
3、重味:中华饮食最注意食物的味,讲究 “ 色、香、味、型 ” 。各种味道差异 构成各种菜系的基础。
4、重理:注意各种食物的搭配,以相生相克、相辅相成等阴阳调和之理性认 识指导烹饪。
正是由于中华饮食讲究料、作、食等等的精细,内容丰富且博大精深,民族特 色鲜明,既兼容又特别,从古到今,历代相传又推陈出新。
不同的饮食习惯造就了不同的饮食文化。 中国人大而全的一贯作风, 吃饭时自 然是七大盘、八大碗,一是显示了富足,二是摆足了排场;近而各地比吃、全国 争雄, 最终形成了八大菜系, 也就是吃方面八个不同的 “ 高手 ” ; 说得虽有些低俗, 但还是很能传情达意的。
因此,中华饮食文化就其深层内涵,可以简单概括成八个字:精致、悦目、坠 情、礼数。这八个字,反映了饮食活动过程中饮食品质、审美体验、情感活动、 社会功能等所包含的独特文化意蕴, 也反映了饮食文化与中华优秀传统文化的密 切联系。
精致; 我们在得意时都喜欢在酒馆、 餐厅里点几个精致小菜, 或自己做几个精 致小菜来犒赏自己与亲戚友人, 而这时就需要吃出一种气氛、 品位甚至是文化来。
饮食既然作为一种文化,一种 “ 吃 ” 的文化,精品意识作为一种文化精神,却越来 越广泛、越来越深入地渗透、贯彻到整个饮食活动过程中。选料、烹调、配伍乃 至饮食环境,都体现着 “ 精致 ” 。尤其是现在非常注重个人身体保健的现代社会, 更是要求我们的饮食向精致化发展,使饮食中融入文化,透出文化,从而 “ 吃 ” 出 文化来,避免和摒弃那种 “ 过之屠门而大嚼 ” 不雅行为和有损健康的不良习惯。
悦目;这是将 “ 吃 ” 的文化与内涵进行升华的高级阶段,体现了饮食文化的审美 特征。中华饮食之所以能够征服世界,重要原因之一,就在于它美,它令食者有 “ 三月不知肉味 ” 的同时,更令人拍案叫绝和赏心悦目。这种悦目,是指中国饮食 活动形式与内容的完美统一, 是指它给人们所带来的审美愉悦和精神享受, 首先 是味道美。孙中山先生讲 “ 辨味不精,则烹调之术不妙 ” ,将对 “ 味 ” 的审美视作烹 调的第一要义。
令人悦目的美味佳肴作为饮食文化的一个基本内涵, 它是中华饮食的魅力之所 在,悦目贯穿在饮食活动过程的每一个环节中。
坠情; 这是对中华饮食文化社会心理功能的概括。 因为菜系和饮食中蕴藏着各 种感情在其中。 做的人付出心血和真情用心去做, 而吃者更是品味到自己喜欢的 饮食则抱着的是一种感激与赞赏。 吃吃喝喝, 不能简单视之, 它实际上是人与人 之间情感交流的媒介,是一种别开生面的社交活动。一边吃饭,一边聊天,可以 做生意、交流信息、采访。朋友离合,送往迎来,人们都习惯于在饭桌上表达惜 别或欢迎的心情, 感情上的风波, 人们也往往借酒菜平息。 这是饮食活动对于社 会心理的调节功能。过去的茶馆,大家坐下来喝茶、听书、摆龙门阵或者发泄对 朝廷的不满,实在是一种极好的心理按摩。
中华饮食之所以具有 “ 抒情 ” 功能,是因为 “ 饮德食和、万邦同乐 ” 的哲学思想和 由此而出现的具有民族特点的饮食方式。 对于饮食活动中的情感文化, 有个引导 和提升品位的问题。 我们要提倡健康优美、 奋发向上的文化情调, 追求一种高尚 的情操。
礼数; 是指饮食活动的礼仪性。 中国是礼仪之邦, 而这种礼仪与礼数也渗透到 了饮食当中。而饮食讲究 “ 礼数 ” ,这与我们的传统文化有很大关系。生老病死、 送往迎来、祭神敬祖都是礼。《礼记 ? 礼运》中说:“ 夫礼之初,始诸饮食。 “ 礼 数 ” 中也讲究着一种秩序和规范,比如在重要场合坐席的方向、箸匙的排列、上 菜的次序、有些菜的象征、来历等等都体现着 “ 礼数 ” 。
我们谈 “ 礼数 ” ,更应把它理解成一种精神,一种内在的伦理精神,这种精神, 贯穿在饮食活动过程中,从而构成中国饮食文明的逻辑起点。
饮食中的精致、 悦目、 坠情、 礼数分别从不同的角度概括了中华饮食文化的基 本内涵,换言之,这四个方面有机地构成了中华饮食文化这个整体概念。但是, 它们不是孤立地存在,而是相互依存、互为因果的,四者环环相生、完美统一,
便形成中华饮食文化的最高境界。而中华饮食也是中华民族从古至今用嘴 “ 吃 ” 出 来了一种文化, 一种浓厚的中华饮食文化, 这种文化已经得以前仆后继的不断弘 扬, 已经影响到了我们自己和身边, 影响到了全世界的饮食行业。 国家的历史有 长有短,疆域有大有小,实力有强有弱,人口有多有少,民族构成、宗教信仰、 政权性质和经济结构也有差异,故而各国的饮食文化是不一样的。
中国饮食文化
在中国传统文化教育中的阴阳五行哲学思想、 儒家伦理道德观念、 中医营养摄生 学说,还有文化艺术成就、饮食审美风尚、民族性格特征诸多因素的影响下,创 造出彪炳史册的中国烹饪技艺,形成博大精深的中国饮食文化。
从沿革看,中国饮食文化绵延 170多万年,分为生食、熟食、自然烹饪、科学 烹饪 4个发展阶段,推出 6万多种传统菜点、 2万多种工业食品、五光十色的筵 宴和流光溢彩的风味流派,获得 “ 烹饪王国 ” 的美誉。
从内涵上看, 中国饮食文化涉及到食源的开发与利用、 食具的运用与创新、 食品 的生产与消费、 餐饮的服务与接待、 餐饮业与食品业的经营与管理, 以及饮食与 国泰民安、饮食与文学艺术、饮食与人生境界的关系等,深厚广博。
从外延看,中国饮食文化可以从时代与技法、地域与经济、民族与宗教、食品与 食具、消费与层次、民俗与功能等多种角度进行分类,展示出不同的文化品味, 体现出不同的使用价值,异彩纷呈。
从特质看, 中国饮食文化突出养助益充的营卫论 (素食为主, 重视药膳和进补) , 并且讲究 “ 色、香、味 ” 俱全。五味调和的境界说(风味鲜明,适口者珍,有 “ 舌头 菜 ” 之誉),奇正互变的烹调法(厨规为本,灵活变通),畅神怡情的美食观(文 质彬彬,寓教于食)等 4大属性,有着不同于海外各国饮食文化的天生丽质。
从影响看,中国饮食文化直接影响到日本、蒙古、朝鲜、韩国、泰国、新加坡等 国家,是东方饮食文化圈的轴心;与此同时,它还间接影响到欧洲、美洲、非洲 和大洋洲, 像中国的素食文化、 茶文化、 酱醋、 面食、 药膳、 陶瓷餐具和大豆等, 都惠及全世界数十亿人。
总之,中国饮食文化是一种广视野、深层次、多角度、高品位的悠久区域文化; 是中华各族人民在 100多万年的生产和生活实践中,在食源开发、食具研制、 食品调理、 营养保健和饮食审美等方面创造、 积累并影响周边国家和世界的物质 财富及精神财富。
中国饮食文化特点
中国是文明是国,亦是悠久饮食文化之境地。吾存于世,吃喝二十余年,有所心 得有所感悟,现将饮食文化归纳出以下几个特点,望大家见教:
第一,风味多样。由于我国幅员辽阔,地大物博,各地气候、物产、风俗习惯都 存在着差异,长期以来,在饮食上也就形成了许多风味。我国一直就有 ? 南米北 面 ? 的说法,口味上有 ? 南甜北咸东酸西辣 ? 之分,主要是巴蜀、齐鲁、淮扬、粤闽 四大风味。
第二,四季有别。一年四季,按季节而吃,是中国烹饪又一大特征。自古以来, 我国一直按季节变化来调味、配菜,冬天味醇浓厚,夏天清淡凉爽;冬天多炖焖 煨,夏天多凉拌冷冻。
第三,讲究美感。中国的烹饪,不仅技术精湛,而且有讲究菜肴美感的传统,注 意食物的色、香、味、形、器的协调一致。对菜肴美感的表现是多方面的,无论 是个红萝卜,还是一个白菜心,都可以雕出各种造型,独树一帜,达到色、香、 味、形、美的和谐统一,给人以精神和物质高度统一的特殊享受。
第四,注重情趣。我国烹饪很早就注重品味情趣,不仅对饭菜点心的色、香、味 有严格的要求,而且对它们的命名、品味的方式、进餐时的节奏、娱乐的穿插等 都有一定的要求。 中国菜肴的名称可以说出神入化、 雅俗共赏。 菜肴名称既有根 据主、辅、调料及烹调方法的写实命名,也有根据历史掌故、神话传说、名人食 趣、 菜肴形象来命名的, 如 ? 全家福 ? 、 ? 将军过桥 ? 、 ? 狮子头 ? 、 ? 叫化鸡 ? 、 ? 龙凤呈祥 ? 、 ? 鸿门宴 ? 、 ? 东坡肉 ?……
第五, 食医结合。 我国的烹饪技术, 与医疗保健有密切的联系, 在几千年前有 ? 医 食同源 ? 和 ? 药膳同功 ? 的说法,利用食物原料的药用价值,做成各种美味佳肴,达 到对某些疾病防治的目的。 ”
古代的中国人还特别强调进食与宇宙节律协调同步, 春夏秋冬、 朝夕晦明要吃不 同性质的食物, 甚至加工烹饪食物也要考虑到季节、 气候等因素。 这些思想早在 先秦就已经形成, 在 《礼记月令》 就有明确的记载, 而且反对颠倒季节, 如春 “ 行 夏令 ”“ 行秋令 ”“ 行冬令 ” 必有天殃; 当然也反对食用反季节食品, 孔子说的 “ 不食不 时 ” ,包含有两重意思一是定时吃饭,二是不吃反季节食品,与当代人的意识正 相反,有些吃反季节食品是为了摆阔。西汉时,皇宫中便开始用温室种植 “ 葱韭 菜茹 ” ,西晋富翁石崇家也有暖棚。这种强调适应宇宙节律的思想意识的确是华 夏饮食文化所独有的。 这种意识残留到现代的大约仅有节日食俗了 (中医中药里 也有一些,但未受到重视)。
“ 阴阳五行 ” 说是传统思想所设定的世界模式,也被认为是宇宙规律。人是 “ 三才 ” 之一,饮食是人类生活所不可少的、制作饮食的烹饪必然也要循此规律。因此, 不仅把味道分为五,并产生了 “ 五味 ” 说(其实人能感觉到的 “ 味 ” 不止有五,但二 三千年前,能分辨出五种也不算少),而且还削足适履地把为数众多(当时人们
已经认识到这一点)的谷物、畜类、蔬菜、水果分别纳入 “ 五谷 ”“ 五肉 ”“ 五菜 ”“ 五 果 ” 的固定模式。 这使人感到荒诞。 更令人惊奇的是还有 “ 凡饮, 养阳气也; 凡食, 养阴气也 ” (《礼记郊特牲》)。并认为只有饮和食与天地阴阳互相协调,这样 才能 “ 交与神明 ” ,上通于天,从而达到 “ 天人合一 ” 的效果。因此在祭天时要严格 遵循阴阳五行之说。 这种说法被后来的道教所继承, 成为他们饮食理论的一个出 发点,如认为吃食物是增加人体阴气的,如 “ 五谷充体而不能益寿 ”“ 食气者寿 ” 等, 要修炼、要获得阳气就要尽量少吃、最佳境界是不吃,走 “ 辟谷 ” 的境界。
中和之美是中国传统文化的最高的审美理想。 “ 中也者,天下之大本也;和也者, 天下之达者也。至中和,天地位焉,万物育焉 ” (《礼记中庸》)。什么叫 “ 中 ” ? 不能简单地用 “ 中间 ” 来概括它。这个 “ 中 ” 指恰到好处,合乎度。有点像河南话中 的那个 “ 中 ” 。 “ 和 ” 也是烹饪概念。 《古文尚书说命》中就有 “ 若作和羹,惟尔盐梅 ” 的名句,意思是要做好羹汤,关键是调和好咸(盐)酸(梅)二味,以此比喻治 国。 《左传》 中晏婴 (齐国贤相) 也与齐景公谈论过什么是 “ 和 ” , 指出 “ 和 ” 不是 “ 同 ” , 和是要建立不同意见的协调的基础上的。因此中国哲人认为天地万物都在 “ 中和 ” 的状态下找到自己的位置以繁衍发育。 这种审美理想建筑在个体与社会、 人与自 然的和谐统一之上。这种通过调谐而实现 “ 中和之美 ” 的想法是在上古烹调实践与 理论的启发和影响下产生的, 而反过来又影响了人们的整个的饮食生活, 对于追 求艺术生活化、生活艺术化的古代文人士大夫,尤其如此。
与 “ 中和 ” 相反的是极端,极端在烹饪上也不被视为正宗,那些 “ 咸过头,辣过头, 酸过头 ” 的食品虽然会受到一些身体处在不正常状态下的人们的追捧,但从长远 看来它对身体是有害的。社会生活、政治生活中的极端主义其弊更是不可胜言。
如上所述, 华夏民族的饮食生活体现了传统文化的特性, 尽管有些特性对于现代 人来说是不可理解、或者说不太科学(近百年来, “ 科学 ” 二字在中国几乎成为宗 教信仰,它只是衡量一切领域是非的一把尺子,而它本身却不能受到质疑),但 饮食生活难道仅仅是 “ 科学 ” 二字所能说尽的吗?如果我们再关注一下 “ 文化 ” ,那 么研究中国人的饮食生活不仅是研究中国文化的必要的组成部分, 甚至可以成为 研究中国文化的一把钥匙。
目前, 饮食文化还是个模糊概念。 有的研究者笼统地说, 它包括吃什么、 怎么做、 怎么吃这三方面的问题; 有的研究者认为饮食文化学孕育出六门科学, 即烹调学、 食品制造学、食疗学、饮食民俗学、饮食文艺学、食品制造学;有的研究者还主 张加上饮食美学、饮食商业学、饮食用具学等等。本人才疏学浅,对于这么多学 科未能涉猎。 我所理解的饮食文化主要指饮食与人、 人群的关系及其所产生的社 会意义。所以我们在课题讨论中虽然也讨论食物、肴馔、食品加工、烹饪、饮食 习俗乃至进餐环境、食具、餐具等等,但都围绕着它们与人、人群的关系及其所 产生的社会意义等方面加以介绍和评介, 至于与人关系不大的纯工艺过程、 除了 必要的知识介绍外, 大多略去, 意在突出饮食生活给人们带来的物质上和精神上 的双重享受,以及中国饮食文化在这两方面的刻意追求。
作文七:《饮食推荐的文章》1700字
食物对我们意味着什么?大多数而言,怕仅仅只是入口之食,饱腹之物罢了!从快餐店点个餐,匆匆数口下腹,便忙其余之事去了。而食物中的美,却是越少有人体会得到了。
“棒打狍子瓢舀鱼,野鸡飞到饭锅里”,这是小学课文描写北大荒的一句话。我总记得,扒开草丛后的水泡子,波光粼粼的竟是挤挨着的鱼。这时候仅仅用手,便能拾满一篮子的鱼。鱼、袍子、野鸡,这都是食物,而仅仅是棒打,瓢舀这些获取食物的过程,便能给予我们十足的美感。当然上述的鱼、袍子是自然直接给予我们的恩赐,真正食物的获取还是得依靠我们辛勤的劳动。在都匀工作的日子里,常远远看见带着斗笠的农人,在百米余高的半山腰耕种劳作。山是种满着李子树,桃树的。那时真是花开时节,白的李红的桃,把整个山粉成一片桃李满天下。想象一下身在其中的味道吧。清晨时分,在微凉清新的空气中,从家中荷锄走来,沿途满是青山绿水,桃红李白。于桃花树下,在黑色的泥土中挥动锄头,翻开的泥土里泛着特有的清香,与花香混合在一起,虽累,却人心旷神怡。当汗水已滴落在泥土中足够,背靠着桃花树坐下,看着远方玉带蜿蜒、青山巍峨,听着风声鸟鸣,闻着泥土与花香。这难道不是一种绝佳的美的享受吗?且在不久之后金灿的八月,当稻谷满了仓,果实盈了筐。收获的喜悦与满足,这又是一层美的享受。当然真正的耕种劳作是没有文字这般的诗情画意的。但与我们的单调乏味工作相比,在土地里耕种劳作,怕是要美了十二分罢!
当获得了食材,虽然食材中有相当一部分可以生吃,但绝大多数,还得经过厨师的一双妙手来蒸煮炸炒之。美食的品尝固然是一种美,但从食材到美食的过程,也是有着另一种美的。中国地大物博,中国菜也相应的品种繁多。假若你精力无限,简直可以每天做菜不重样,每天的厨房生活都是新奇而快乐的。中国菜的多样性,也造就了厨艺的多样。单从小麦这一主食,细磨成粉,加水揉和成面团。揉和好的面团已极富劲道而延展性。拉,可以把小团面拉成细而长的面条,技艺高超的拉面大师甚至能拉出数百万条。包,掐一小段面团压扁,把肉菜包裹其中,便成了一个个包子饺子。压圆便是饼,砌方就是馒头。然后用水煮、蒸汽,有油炸,用火烤。一样样美食便新鲜出炉了。武艺有十八种,而厨艺怕是一百零八中也远远不止。无论是身处其中制作美食,或是置身事外观赏过程,都是美的。现在很多人把厨师看出一份三流的职业,连圣人孔子都有过君子远庖厨的警语。但学过生物学的都知道,人之所以能成猿人进化成人,吃熟食是至关重要的一个因素。而第一个用火烤熟食物的,不就是厨师吗!而作为一个依赖食物存活的人,当真应该掌握几门厨艺!当品尝自己亲手制作的美食,当中的成就感实在无与伦比。
当美食制作完成,剩下的任务便是吃了。美食讲究个色香味俱全。而怎样才算是一道色香味俱全的美味了?用昂贵稀有的食材,通过大师精湛的厨艺精心制作,由这所成就的食物当然色香味俱全。但美味便只能这般定义?我觉不然。当我们获取了食材,在这食材中,实则已包含了阳光、泥土、绿水,甚至鸟鸣花香等一切有关于自然的因素,以及农人辛勤的劳动成分。每一种食材都是不同的,每一种都有其独到的自然风味。我们的厨师,只要把食材本身的美体现了出来,这便是美味的。在味道中,还有一种尤为特别的存在,那是有关记忆的。那是有关于家乡,有关于母亲的,有关于一切美好的东西。当游子的味蕾一旦接触到这种味道,所得的感动将胜过人间一切山珍海味。
美食有着这般的美,但一个很残酷的现实,我们对食物的美越见漠视了。其中的缘由,分工是根本。当分工出现在人类社会,虽极大的提高了生产力,但从此让绝大多数人与自然隔绝开来。我们离开了土地,阳光,清风,绿水,花鸟树木,取而代之的是在一个狭小的车间或办公室,每天进行单一重复的劳作,获取生活的资本。因分工,我们脱离了自然,再无
法感受到土地阳光花鸟树木的自然之美,而对食物蕴含的自然之美无视。因分工,我们脱离了土地,从此失去了与食物获取之间的直接联系,不再珍惜每一颗蔬菜粮食。因分工,越来越多的人离开了厨房,无法在体会到美食制作中的期待,完成后的成就。因分工,我们每日行色匆匆,对人类生存最重要的食物,也吝啬十分钟去细细品尝。
其实,在某种意义上,美食是与生活是等同的。我们对与美食的漠视,恰如我们对生活美的淡忘。社会已至此,要求其再返回过去,是不现实,也是不可能之事。从现在起,亲近自然,热爱每一刻粮食与蔬菜。热爱美食,热爱生活吧!
作文八:《关于饮食的文章》1700字
合乐888娱乐平台.hl2016106.
关于饮食的文章
人生在世,吃穿二事,很早我们就知道了这句话。人虽然作为高级动物,但仍需要与普通动物一样:“吃”。所以,零零总总令人眼花缭乱的各类美食也孕育而生,从古至今,长盛不衰。饮食行业也成为三百六十行常展长新的行当,而饮食业也形成了自己的独特的文化,说的更直接些就是一种“吃”的文化。 中国有着5000年的悠久历史,中国有着灿烂丰富、博大精深的饮食文化;中国人注重“天人合一”,中餐以食表意、以物传情的特点。所以也就使得中国传统的饮食美食都“食出有门”如中华饮食文化理论奠基人??孔子的《论语》中就有关于饮食“二不厌、三适度、十不食”的论述。直至两千年后的今日,仍具有极高的理论指导性。中华茶道始主??陆羽认为茶道在中华饮食文化中的地位几乎与酒等量齐观,他曾遍访名茶产区荐评品第,又精研泉水,次第品级。中华食文化之圣??袁枚其《随园食单》经历五十年才写成,成为中华饮食史上光前裕后之作,也有中华饮食文化“食经”的美誉。还有以味道治国的大臣??伊尹将饮食的“色、香、味、形”与治国相融合,所以就有了 “治国若烹小鲜”之说。 由此,这就形成了我们传统的饮食有“四重”的特点: 1、重食:古人就有:“民以食为天”之说,见面常问“吃过没有,”足见饮食文化的地位。 2、重养:以“五谷”养“六脏”,饮食中重视人体养生保健。 3、重味:中华饮食最注意食物的味,讲究“色、香、味、型”。各种味道差异构成各种菜系的基础。 4、重理:注意各种食物的搭配,以相生相克、相辅相成等阴阳调和之理性认识指导烹饪。 正是由于中华饮食讲究料、作、食等等的精细,内容丰富且博大精深,民族特色鲜明,既兼容又特别,从古到今,历代相传又推陈出新。 不同的饮食习惯造就了不同的饮食文化。中国人大而全的一贯作风,吃饭时自然是七大盘、八大碗,一是显示了富足,二是摆足了排场;近而各地比吃、全国争雄,最终形成了八大菜系,也就是吃方面八个不同的“高手”;说得虽有些低俗,但还是很能传情达意的。 因此,中华饮食文化就其深层内涵,可以简单概括成八个字:精致、悦目、坠情、礼数。这八个字,反映了饮食活动过程中饮食品质、审美体验、情感活动、社会功能等所包含的独特文化意蕴,也反映了饮食文化与中华优秀传统文化的密切联系。 精致;我们在得意时都喜欢在酒馆、餐厅里点几个精致小菜,或自己做几个精致小菜来犒赏自己与亲戚友人,而这时就需要吃出一种气氛、品位甚至是文化来。
饮食既然作为一种文化,一种“吃”的文化,精品意识作为一种文化精神,却越来越广泛、越来越深入地渗透、贯彻到整个饮食活动过程中。选料、烹调、配伍乃至饮食环境,都体现着 “精致”。尤其是现在非常注重个人身体保健的现代社会,更是要求我们的饮食向精致化发展,使饮食中融入文化,透出文化,从而“吃”出文化来,避免和摒弃那种“过之屠门而大嚼”不雅行为和有损健康的不良习惯。 悦目;这是将“吃”的文化与内涵进行升华的高级阶段,体现了饮食文化的审美特征。中华饮食之所以能够征服世界,重要原因之一,就在于它美,它令食者有“三月不知肉味”的同时,更令人拍案叫绝和赏心悦目。这种悦目,是指中国饮食活动形式与内容的完美统一,是指它给人们所带来的审美愉悦和精神享受,首先是味道美。孙中山先生讲“辨味不精,则烹调之术不妙”,将对“味”的审美视作烹调的第一要义。 令人悦目的美味佳肴作为饮食文化的一个基本内涵,它是中华饮食的魅力之所在,悦目贯穿在饮食活动过程的每一个环节中。 坠情;这是对中华饮食文化社会心理功能的概括。因为菜系和饮食中蕴藏着各种感情在其中。做的人付出心血和真情用心去做,而吃者更是品味到自己喜欢的饮食则抱着的是一种感激与赞赏。吃吃喝喝,不能简单视之,它实际上是人与人之间情感交流的媒介,是一种别开生面的社交活动。一边吃饭,一边聊天,可以做生意、交流信息、采访。朋友离合,送往迎来,人们都习惯于在饭桌上表达惜别或欢迎的心情,感情上的风波,人们也往往借酒菜平息。这是饮食活动对于社会心理的调
节功能。
作文九:《健康饮食:龙利鱼的做法 健康饮食》700字
健康饮食:龙利鱼的做法 健康饮食
话题:健康饮食 居家生活 健康饮食 蒜蓉
龙利鱼,味鲜鲜美,口感爽滑,鱼肉久煮而不老,无腥味和异味,历来为我国沿海广大消费者待客的上等佳品,深受广大消费者青睐。而不同龙利鱼的做法,更带来不同的味觉享受,下面我们一起走进它。 蒜蓉龙利鱼的做法 用料:龙利鱼1条(去头尾);豆豉2勺;蒜5瓣;姜4片;橄榄油1勺;料酒1勺;生抽1勺;盐适量。做法:1、舌头鱼需要正反两面全部剥皮,场面有点血腥。姜切丝,蒜拍碎后剁成蒜蓉。2、勺豆豉,1勺蒜蓉,1勺生抽,1勺橄榄油,混合拌均成豆豉蒜蓉酱。3、舌头鱼去头尾,切大块,加1勺料酒,少量盐腌制15分钟。腌好的鱼柳沥去水,抹上豆豉蒜蓉酱,铺满姜丝,腌制30分钟。4、蒸鱼盘包上保鲜膜(可防止水汽进入),入沸水锅蒸10分钟。关火焖一会儿。5、取出后撒葱花。功效:龙利鱼,俗称舌头鱼,属于深海鱼类,高蛋白,营养丰富;姜:降逆止呕、化痰止咳、散寒解表。小贴士:头尾可以干煎一下,非常好吃。第一次做龙利鱼,
下次有机会一定尝试鱼片汤。 酥炸龙利鱼的做法 用料:龙利鱼700克;面粉200克;蛋液150克;面包糠400克;泰式甜辣酱;盐适量做法:1.龙利鱼洗净。2.将其切成大小均匀的块状,撒适量盐调味。3.蘸上面粉。4.裹上一层全蛋液。5.再蘸上面包糠。6.依次将鱼块按上述方法制作完成,并放在无水无油的盘中。7.把鱼排放入微微起泡的油中炸成金黄色。8.沥干油后装盘,搭配泰式甜辣酱食用即可。功效:龙利鱼,俗称舌头鱼,属于深海鱼类,高蛋白,营养丰富,蛋液补充蛋白质,令口感鲜美,更有保护视力,增强记忆力的功效。小贴士:鱼排外酥里嫩,鱼肉还保持着非常好的汁水。调料微甜微辣,能更好的调和鱼排的口味。一定趁热吃,口感细腻很新鲜。小火炸制,注意火候避免过老。
作文十:《健康饮食的搭配》3600字
生命科学与健康论文
学院:信息工程学院
班级:09通信一班
学号:0967119118
姓名:崔 涛
健康饮食的搭配
关键词: 健康 饮食 搭配
摘 要: 各民族各地区居民,以及个人的饮食习惯是长期适应一定生活条件而形成的。选用他们所喜欢的食物品种,并按照他们最习惯的方法进行烹调,才能使这些食物被充分消化、吸收和利用。但对于不良的饮食习惯,如暴饮暴食,偏食等则应加强宣传教育,逐步予以纠正。对因社会历史条件而养成的偏食习惯,除宣传教育外,还应采取措施保证供应多种多样的食物,使他们逐步习惯于食用各种有益的食品。
一、合理膳食调配与食物的选择
(一)、合理膳食调配的影响因素
1.进餐者情况
各民族各地区居民,以及个人的饮食习惯是长期适应一定生活条件而形成的。选用他们所喜欢的食物品种,并按照他们最习惯的方法进行烹调,才能使这些食物被充分消化、吸收和利用。但对于不良的饮食习惯,如暴饮暴食,偏食等则应加强宣传教育,逐步予以纠正。对因社会历史条件而养成的偏食习惯,除宣传教育外,还应采取措施保证供应多种多样的食物,使他们逐步习惯于食用各种有益的食品。
2.季节、气候的变化
人的食欲、对食物口味的要求与四季交换、天气变化及一天中的早、午、晚不同餐次都有所不同,但从营养的角度看,膳食中热能和营养素的供给必须达到中国营养学会推荐的供给量,见表5-1。为了适应消费者的口味,可根据前面给出的食物代换方法所列举的食物品种进行代换,品种虽然变化,但所含的营养素基本不变。
3.膳食的色、香、味、形和多样化
应注意膳食的感官品质,使膳食尽量多样化。食物的色香味等感官性状,是食物对人体感官刺激因素,可形成条件反射,影响食欲。
故应要求饭菜色彩调和,香气扑鼻,滋味鲜美;同时也应不断调换食物品种和烹调方法,尽量做到多样化。这样可以保持大脑皮质的适度兴奋,促进食欲,有利于食物的消化吸收。
4.市场供应情况
随着季节的不同,市场上提供的食物品种有很大的变化,但可根据食物代换法,依市场供应情况调换品种,以保证热能和营养素的供给。
(二)、合理膳食调配的内容
合理膳食首先要处理好各种食物的配比关系。备种食物的营养成分均有其特点和相应的营养价值,故在人们组织膳食的时候,必须将各种食物进行合理的调配才能符合人体的需要。
1.主副食之间的调配
我国居民的营养素来源主要是由粮食制作的主食,其选择就在一定程度上决定了营养水平。虽然通过粗细搭配可以提高其营养价值,但某些营养素尚需依赖副食提供。
副食主要分为动物性与植物性食物两大类,在营养价值及感官性状上各有特点。因为副食随地区、季节及个人爱好等不同而不同,所以,总的原则是品种和搭配要经常调换,并加工为不同形式的饮食,提高营养价值,其色香味能给人以美的享受,以刺激食欲,增强消化、吸收和利用。
2.粗细粮之间的调配
所谓细粮,是指稻米和小麦、面粉,粗粮指除稻米和面粉外的其他粮食。因粮食的品种不同,营养素含量各有特点。一个人每天膳食中粮食供给的蛋白质约占需要量的 50%以上。我国膳食中消耗量最大的稻米和面粉,其蛋白质中赖氨酸的含量比较贫乏,但某些粗粮(杂粮)中则特别突出,如大麦、青裸、莜麦和养麦等的赖氨酸含量均较多,各种豆类的赖氨酸含量甚至可达到稻米或小麦的5~10倍。
故粗、细粮的配合食用,可以改进膳食中营养成分的比例,使其接近于人体的需要,从而大大提高其利用程度。
3.荤素之间的调配
荤食是指向、鱼、奶及其制品,富含蛋白质和脂肪,含有多种维生素和无机盐,特别是内脏中的肝含有大量的维生素A和马,还有利用率较高的铁。素食主要指各种蔬菜水果,它提供的营养素主要是维生素和无机盐,还有千变万化的风味物质,如各种色素、有机酸和芳香物质。荤素之间的合理调配,不但获得比较全面的营养成分,还可做成不同外形、色调和口味的饭莱,通过人的感觉器官兴奋消化系统。增强食欲、有利于消化液的分泌。
(三)、食品原料的选择
平衡膳食设计中关键的问题之一是食品原料品种的选择和数量的确定。依我国目前的具体情况,应注意以下几个问题。
1.所提供食物的品种要多样化,每天最好能吃20种以上的食物,才能保证各种营养素的需要量。
2.粮食类食物的供给十分重要,对一个成年人来说,每天要提供3个品种,摄人量在300~500克左右,不要长时期食用过于精细的大米。白面,应时而食用糙米、小麦教皮和某种杂粮,以增加维生素B族和其他营养素的供给。
3.动物性食物的比例不能太低,动物蛋白与大豆蛋白的供给量应占蛋白质总供给量的1/3—1/2,动物蛋白要占优质蛋白的 1/2以上。但动物性食物的比例也不能太高,否则会摄人过多的动物脂肪和胆固醇。我国膳食结构以植物性食物为主,每人每周最好要摄取50克左右的动物内脏,特别是肝脏,以保证维生素A石和一些无机盐的供给。
4.粮谷类和动物性食物在生理上均呈酸性反应,必须摄人足够量的在生理上呈碱性反应的蔬菜、水果,才能保持饮食的酸碱平衡防止发生饮食性酸中毒。一个成年人每天应摄人500克左右的蔬菜和200克左右的水果。食用足量的蔬菜、
水果,还可保证膳食中食物纤维的含量。
5.蔬菜的品种要多样化,有色蔬菜和叶菜类要占 50%左右,才能提供数量较多的维生素C、胡萝卜素和相当量的钙、铁等无机盐。
由于蔬菜的维生素C在烹饪中损失比较严重,故每天要食用l-2个品种的水果200克以上。每周应食用50克以上的菌藻类食品和200克以上的硬果类食品,以提供多样的维生素和无机盐。
6.每天要摄取 15克以上的优质植物油,才能保证必需脂肪酸的供给。动物脂肪要严格控制,否则会摄人过多的饱和脂肪酸甘油三脂和胆固醇,而严重时会导致心血管系统的疾病。
7.食品的种类五花八门,其价格也相差悬殊,同一食品在不同季节,价格相差很大。因此对于经济条件不宽裕的消费者来说,如何选择食品是一个至关重要的问题。食品价格的形成与许多因素有关,如栽培、养殖和生产的成本、流通的成本、供给量和需求量之间的矛盾和平衡等,因此有些属于同一类别的食品品种,其价格却有很大的差别。不同的水产品,价格可相差几倍、十几倍,甚至几十倍,即使是蔬菜类,价格相差几倍、十几倍的也不罕见。高价食品主要原因多半是货源紧缺,导致物。稀为贵。其实从营养价值的角度看,高价食品未必营养价值就高,而有些价格令人咋舌的山珍海味、、禽走兽,其营养价值还不如鸡蛋、瘦肉,甚至连豆腐丝都比不上。
各类食物代换法所列举的不同食物,它们在市场上的价格可能千差万别,但其营养素的含量却很接近。所以经济条件不是很好的消费者应以选择能满足蛋白质、维生素、无机盐、热能、脂肪和碳水化合物供给的基本食品为主。对食品的选择,重要的是新鲜、多样而不是名贵、稀罕。当然对于经济宽裕的消费者来说,在保证营养素供给量符合标准的前提下,选择一些高档的食品也不是没有意义的。因为这些高档食品可以进一步丰富餐桌上菜肴的色、香、味、形。特别是在口味和口感上给人一种难以品尝到的特殊感觉,以至于有些消费者不惜在高级餐厅里一掷千金,来寻求这种高于生存需要的感官刺激和审美情趣。
二、食物搭配有讲究
随着生活水平的提高,现代人对食物的要求也越来越高。近年来国内外一些营养专家研究发现,如果注重“搭配”食用一些食物,不仅能使人体更有效地吸收营养,而且还有一定的防病治病功效。
1.苹果+洋葱+茶叶
荷兰医学研究者认为,苹果、洋葱及茶叶中含丰富的黄酮类物质,可保护心脏。经过805名65-84岁男子长达5年的观察证明,饮食中的黄酮类物质,主要来自苹果、洋葱和饮茶。坚持每天饮4杯茶以上的男子,死于心脏病的危险减少45%,吃一个或一个以上苹果者减少50%。
2.蔬菜+水果+鱼
国外专家发现,合理的调整饮食结构有助于降低血压。研究表明,蔬菜、鱼和水果是控制血压的最佳饮食。蔬菜中含有大量的纤维素,水果中的钾、钙、镁等矿物质元素,以及鱼所含的不饱和脂肪酸,皆有利于增加血管壁的弹性,从而降低血压,使其恢复正常。
3.豆腐+鱼
豆腐煮鱼不仅味道鲜美,还可预防多种骨病,如儿童佝偻病、老年人常见的
骨质疏松症等。豆腐含大量钙质,若单吃则吸收率较低,若与富含维生素D的鱼肉一起吃,则能对钙的吸收与利用起相加效应。
4.猪肝+菠莱
猪肝富含叶酸、维生素B12以及铁等造血原料,菠菜也含有较多的叶酸和铁,同食两种食物,一荤一素,相辅相成,是防治老年贫血的食疗良方。
5.豆腐+萝卜
豆腐富含植物蛋白,萝卜有很强的助消化能力,与之同煮,会使豆腐的营养被人体大量吸收。
6.羊肉+生姜
羊肉和生姜均为辛温之品,羊肉可补气血和温肾阳,生姜有止痛祛风湿等作用。此外,生姜既能去除羊肉腥味,又能助羊肉温阳祛寒之力,二者搭配,可治腰背冷痛、四肢风湿疼痛等。
7.鸡肉+栗子
鸡肉为造血疗虚之品,栗子重在健脾。栗子烧鸡味道鲜美,更在于二者共煮其营养成份极高,造血功能更强,尤以老母鸡烧粟子效果更佳。
参考文献:1.夏顺群 《医学信息:中旬刊》 2010 第10期
2.阿笑 《中国保健营养》 2008 第5期
3.金凤 《中国保健营养》 2008 第2期
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