Early life and education[edit]

Snow was born 15 March 1813 in York, England. He was the first of nine children born to William and Frances Snow in their North Street home. His neighbourhood was one of the poorest in the city and was always in danger of flooding because of its proximity to the River Ouse. His father worked in the local coal yards, which were constantly replenished from the Yorkshire coalfields through the barges on the Ouse. Snow was baptised at the Anglican church of All Saints, North Street.

All Saints, North Street

Snow studied in York until the age of 14, when he was apprenticed to William Hardcastle, a surgeon in Newcastle upon Tyne. It was there, in 1831, that he first encountered cholera, which entered Newcastle via the seaport of Sunderland and decimated the town.[1] Between 1833 and 1836 Snow worked as an assistant to a colliery surgeon, first in Burnopfield, County Durham, and then in Pateley Bridge, North Yorkshire. In October 1836 he enrolled at the Hunterian school of medicine on Great Windmill Street, London.[2]

Career[edit]

In 1837 Snow began working at the Westminster Hospital. Admitted as a member of the Royal College of Surgeons of England on 2 May 1838, he graduated from the University of London in December 1844 and was admitted to the Royal College of Physicians in 1850. In 1850 he was also one of the founding members of the Epidemiological Society of London, formed in response to the cholera outbreak of 1849.[3]

In 1857 Snow made an early and often overlooked[4] contribution to epidemiology in a pamphlet, On the adulteration of bread as a cause of rickets.[5]

Anaesthesia[edit]

Snow was one of the first physicians to study and calculate dosages for the use of ether and chloroform as surgical anaesthetics, allowing patients to undergo surgical and obstetric procedures without the distress and pain they would otherwise experience. He designed the apparatus to safely administer ether to the patients and also designed a mask to administer chloroform.[6] He personally administered chloroform to Queen Victoria when she gave birth to the last two of her nine children, Leopold in 1853 and Beatrice in 1857,[7] leading to wider public acceptance of obstetric anaesthesia. Snow published an article on ether in 1847 entitled On the Inhalation of the Vapor of Ether. A longer version entitled On Chloroform and Other Anaesthetics and Their Action and Administration was published posthumously in 1858.

Cholera[edit]

Main article: 1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak

Original map by John Snow showing the clusters of cholera cases in the London epidemic of 1854, drawn and lithographed by Charles Cheffins.

Snow was a sceptic of the then-dominant miasma theory that stated that diseases such as cholera and bubonic plague were caused by pollution or a noxious form of "bad air". The germ theory of disease had not yet been developed, so Snow did not understand the mechanism by which the disease was transmitted. His observation of the evidence led him to discount the theory of foul air. He first publicised his theory in an 1849 essay, On the Mode of Communication of Cholera, followed by a more detailed treatise in 1855 incorporating the results of his investigation of the role of the water supply in the Soho epidemic of 1854.[8]

By talking to local residents (with the help of Reverend Henry Whitehead), he identified the source of the outbreak as the public water pump on Broad Street (now Broadwick Street). Although Snow's chemical and microscope examination of a water sample from the Broad Street pump did not conclusively prove its danger, his studies of the pattern of the disease were convincing enough to persuade the local council to disable the well pump by removing its handle. This action has been commonly credited as ending the outbreak, but Snow observed that the epidemic may have already been in rapid decline:

There is no doubt that the mortality was much diminished, as I said before, by the flight of the population, which commenced soon after the outbreak; but the attacks had so far diminished before the use of the water was stopped, that it is impossible to decide whether the well still contained the cholera poison in an active state, or whether, from some cause, the water had become free from it.

英语作文snow

Snow

Have you ever seen where the first snowflake fall? Is it on the country road, on the branch of an old oak tree, on the wheat fields in the plain, or between the peaks of the mountain range?

See the snowflakes leaping, dancing like flowers in the whirling wind. The flowers have six angles.Sometimes they are like stars. Sometimes they are only white dots, and they keep on falling gently in silence.

Without your knowing it, the fields, houses, trees and the whole earth are enveloped in a thin coat of snow. I love snow, because it is saintly pure.

Winter differs from the other seasons in that it is not as warm as spring, neither as hot as summer, noras sad as autumn. The snowflake has her own grace and inspiration. It seems tender , yet it is amazingly attractive.

The snowflakes are flying here and there. It seems as if they are little stars in the universe moving along their own orbit. Look! What a spotless silvery world, how great, how magnificent!

Away from the crowds of people, I stroll alone in the snow. Standing in the snow, flakes of snow tqoat over my head, kissing rne on the cheeks and falling on my eyebrow. Some make their way into my collar and some fall into my mouth. They taste sweet.

Looking at this silver-white world, thoughts well up in my mind. I feel as if I had become a part of them.

Some people say snow may bring you joy and happiness. Others think snow can get rid of the dirt in the world. Still others believe snow will purify one\'s soul , and there are those who hold the view that snow can melt all the evils in its purity and sincerity.

Oh, snow , you are as pure and white as the angel in heaven .You come silently and generously protect everything in the world. You melt quietly and nourish a green spring.

A snow day作文

A snow day is beautiful

Because it is beautiful,I like it very much

Cloud in a snowy day differ from how it used to look like.20 metres away from me,

Dog and its master-a boy are looking up to the cloud

Each of them looks happy

Father and mother come to them

Give the boy a cup of coffee

Hot coffee soon warm the boy's hand

I really want to buy a cup of coffee

Jecket pockets have been thoroughly found,but no coin can be found

Kevin who is very rich come to me and say,

'Let me help you! my friend,

Money is not a problem.

Now go to my bar and get your coffee,it's my treat!'

'Ok,thank you,you are so nice!'I reply

'Please let me know if you need a help.' he say

'Quite hard to come up with a sum of money when you badly need it!'I smile

Return from Kevin's bar,I keep watching the beautiful snowing scenery

Sitting on a bench,I feel really happy that I can born in this world

Thinking about the beauty of snow

Unhappiness and discourage have gone with wind accordingly

Vivid scene showing snow flying in the air appear in my mind

Wind blow again,it seems I have to leave

Xanadu is perhaps the best word to describe my warm home

You are welcome to enjoy the warm yogurt with me in this lovely snow day

Z has nothing to do with this essay.

以play in the snow为题,写一个小作文

Winter is coming. The snow was on the ground, a group of children were attracted by the white snow, they put on thick cotton padded clothes, came to the snow. Some of them are having a snowball fight, see, so cold a day, can play the sweaty; some in the snowman, look nice, heap; and ski, play good fun ah!

英文作文A heary snow

It’s snowing outside. This is the heaviest snow I have seen .And I like snow.

Open the window, and I can see a white world- The buildings, roads, trees and many other things are all covered with white snow! It looks so beautiful!

It didn’t snow yesterday. But there is a lot of snow today. Because it was snowing the day before yesterday. Children have made lots of snowmen. I made a very big snowman, too. He is wearing a red cap and a white coat. He is smiling at everyone he has seen. So I think it must be very happy at the time. Look! How happy he is!

Now, he is standing in the snow. He is still smiling. Snow is its home..

A few people walk quickly in the snow. When they see this snowman, are they smiling?

小学五年级作文:snow white

　　　　　　　 　　　Long long ago, in the magnificent castle, lived a pretty princess. Her name is Snow White. Her mother died. Therefore king got married again. She had a step mother, but her step mother was very bad,beacuse she is awitch. The Snow White was very scared, beacuse she is pure, white and lovely. So witch was jealous of Snow White, she is very angry.　　One day,she asked a hunter to kill the Snow White, but the hunter saw the Snow White very beautiful, so let Snow White escape, Snow Whit ran faster and faster, she arrived the forest, unexpectedly, she saw a small log cabin. Here was Dwarf's home, she ate some food, lay on a small bed, quietly sleeping. After a while, Dwarfs came back, they discovered a Snow White and they are very happy. After Snow White waked up, Dwarfs knew her story, they all hated Snow White's step mother, they helped the Snow White. She was very happy. Witch knew Snow White didn't die, she was very angry, she made up an old woman and brought Snow White the poisonous apple. After Snow White eat it. She fell down the ground, Dwarfs were very sad, they were crying and put Snow White in the crystal coffin. After a while, a handsome prince arrived Dwarf's home, he opened the crystal coffin, saw Snow White and thought she was very pretty. So he kissed the Snow White ,at this time, Snow White woke up and spit out the the poisonous apple. She was happy. Then they got married. After old king die, the prince became the king, Snow White became the queen, they had many sons and daughters, the life was very happy.

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