作文一:《英语作文:城市间的歧视》1500字
英语作文:城市间的歧视
话题:城市 北京 教育学习
城市间的歧视 The Discrimination Between CitiesWhen
we talk about the discrimination, we always think about the race between the black and the white. Black people are always looking down by the white people, while in our country, though we are the same color, the discrimination still exists, it is about the people’s view about the different cities.当我们谈到歧视的
时候,我们总会想到关于黑人和白人的种族。黑人一直都受
到白人的歧视,然而在我们国家,虽然我们出于同样的肤色,
但是歧视仍然存在,那是关于人们对不同城市的看法。When
we talk about the big cities, such as ShanghaiandBeijing, we always think about that the people inBeijingresist the people from other cities.Beijingcitizens are so proud of their identity, they think they are priority, they are in the first rank, while others are lower than them. While when we talk about the people from poor country, we always think about the dirty face and ragged clothes, this is also discrimination. Are these true?
Of course not, I have friends fromBeijingand Guangxi, both of them are nice to me, they don’t look down upon people or look
dirty. The impressions are wrong, people now no longer discriminate each other, the crimination only exists in few people.当我们谈到大城市,如北京和上海的时候,我们总会
想到北京人抗拒其他城市的人。北京居民为他们的身份感到
自豪,他们认为自己是高人一等,他们出于第一层次,然而
其他人低于他们。当我们谈到来自贫穷城市的时候,我们总
是想到脏的脸和破旧的衣服,这也是一种歧视。这些都是真
的吗,当然不是,我有来自北京和广西的朋友,他们对我都
很友好,他们并没有看不起人或者看上去很脏。这些印象都
是错误的,人们现在不再彼此歧视,歧视只在少数人身上存
在。In all, though the discrimination still exists between cities, we must have the thought that it is not all people, just a few people, we believe that someday it will disappear.总的来说,虽
然歧视在城市间仍然存在,我们必须意识到这并不是所有
人,只是一些人,我们相信将来歧视会消失的。
作文二:《职场歧视英语作文》3300字
职场歧视英语作文
作文(position)是经过人的思想考虑和语言组织~
通过文字来表达一个主题意义的记叙方法。作文分为小学作
文、中学作文、大学作文(论文)。下面小编为大家带来职场
歧视英语作文~仅供参考~希望能够帮到大家。
职场歧视英语作文篇一: Gender equalityand
perhaps will never be realizedsince any time things were not fully and women born on physiological differences in the social division of labor is a a femaleI have to admit that the men in the area of rational logical thinking than femalesIn many areas of the male imagination and high-tech research and development capability to significantly stronger in women!obvious fact :in schools
insidemathematicsphysicschemistry category of disciplines player always boyswho surprised the political arena is often scold menand the female is quite limited!!!
Read an original expression :how both women for freedomequal rightswhich are given to men.
It is economic strength decisions statuswhich both
1 / 5
meet in a countrysimilarly to the formation of a munity in each family.
In factwomen now have a lot to fight for the rights of some even too remember when I graduated from the University of papers on the theme of contemporary domestic violence new trend -- now husband abuse atrocities popularmany women have cast off the image of womanbut to the level of "Mulaohu" "female hooligans" ferocious imageHa-haperhaps one day with the development of economy and science and technology and constantly changing socialWe may also return to the matriarchal society of Kazakhstan Ha!!!!!!!
To the world all women are happy!!!!.
I can only say that men and women are not equal to what inequalitycan rely on their own ability to make the sub-issuesso a necessaryon how to make their !!!
男女平等~也许永远也不会实现~因为任何事情不是完
全平衡的。出生的男性和女性在社会分工的生理差异是有区
别的。作为一个女性~我不得不承认~男性比女性在理性的
逻辑思维方面~在许多地区的男性想象和高新技术的研究与
开发能力明显强于女性!显而易见的事实:在学校内部~数
学、物理、化学类学科的玩家总是男生~谁惊讶江湖往往骂
2 / 5
男人~而女生则相当有限!!!
读一个原始的表达:女人如何为自由~平等的权利~这
是给男人。
它是一种经济实力决定地位~既符合一个国家~同样也
形成了一个共同体在每个家庭。
事实上~现在的女性有很多甚至过于激进一些的权利而
斗争。我记得当我大学毕业的论文当代家庭暴力的新趋势的
主题——现在的丈夫虐待暴行的流行~很多女性都摆脱了女
人的形象~但到“mulaohu”女流氓“凶恶的形象~呵呵~
也许有一天随着经济和科学技术的发展和不断变化的社会~
我们还可以回到哈萨克斯坦哈母系氏族社会!!!!!!!
对于世界上所有的女人都是快乐的!!!!。
我只能说~男人和女人不等于什么不平等~可以依靠自
己的能力~使子问题~所以一个必要的~就如何使他们!!!
职场歧视英语作文篇二: Women are playing an increasingly important part in society today. In many
countries~ more and more women are acting as workers~
farmers~ scientists~ and even leaders. We can say that almost all jobs which men can do are done successfully
by women. Women are no longer looked down upon by society.
With the changes in their social role~ women's
3 / 5
position in family has been improved as well. Husband and wife are now equal in the family. They deal with problems of daily life together~ and share happiness
with each other. In today's families~ women are not
usually the ones busy with dinners.
In spite of these changes ~ the liberation of women
has not been pletely realized. A number of men are self-centered~ who regard women as incapable. Few women are allowed to attend important international meetings dominated by men. That's really the problem we should solve immediatel.
当今社会~妇女在社会中扮演着越来越重要的角色。在
许多国家~越来越多的妇女扮演工人、农民、科学家甚至领
导者的角色。我们可以说~几乎所有男人能做的工作都是由
女人成功完成的。妇女不再被社会看不起了。
随着社会角色的变化~女性在家庭中的地位也得到了提
高。在家庭中夫妻平等。他们一起处理日常生活中的问题~
彼此分享快乐。在今天的家庭~妇女通常不是那些忙着吃饭
的人。
尽管有这些变化~妇女的解放还没有完全实现。许多男
人以自我为中心~认为女人无能。很少有妇女被允许参加由
男性主导的重要国际会议。这真是我们应该立刻解决的问题。
4 / 5
5 / 5
作文三:《性别歧视英语作文》2000字
Women are not equal with men?
After women have made great strides for their rights,leaders gradually realized the necessity to achieve the equality of men and women and as well increasingly countries has put the principle of equality into practice.women are no longer being oppressed at the the bottom of society and even have equal opportunity to rise to leadership positions.however,gender discrimination still exist in insidious form today.
Women and men may not dealt with in many field especially in the job market with female graduates affected the most.The figure indicates that more than 90 percent of female students experience gender discrimination in the force labour,while more than 40 percent of believe it is harder for women to get an offer than men. “ men only” signs appeared frequently on recruit pany,women are are refused by their image of delicate and lack of independent as people considered.So that women always lose many chances in choosing favorable job. Additionally , for same work,women receive lower payment at their job than men. Another statistic shows that women represent 50 percent of middle management and professional positions but the percentages of women at the top of organizations represent not even a third of that number which can not but arouse our thinking why do we have so few women leader?That’ s recessive gender discrimination.In the absence of gender discrimination stress patriarchal society,in order to realize their own value,women must pay double or even several times effort than men.
Finally,the ideas that son preference and discrimination against girls took strong root since ancient time,every family continues to have children until they have a boy,if they have a girl,they would like to have another child.Killed,aborted or neglected,at least 100 million girls have disappeared and the number is rising. As we can see from above analysis,women still encounter discrimination or unfair treatment in many aspects.To achieve the “ equality of men and women”We still have a long way to go.
作文四:《性别歧视,英语作文》16100字
性别歧视,英语作文
篇一:英文性别歧视事例
Girls: Household Servants
When a boy is born in most developing countries, friends and relatives exclaim congratulations. A son means insurance. He will inherit his father's property and get a job to help support the family. When a girl is born, the reaction is very different. Some women weep when they find out their baby is a girl
because, to them, a daughter is just another expense. Her place is in the home, not in the world of men. In some parts of India, it's traditional to greet a family with a newborn girl by saying, "The servant of your household has been born."
A girl can't help but feel inferior when everything around her tells her that she is worth less than a boy. Her identity is forged as soon as her family and society limit her opportunities and declare her to be second-rate.
A bination of extreme poverty and deep biases against women creates a remorseless cycle of discrimination that keeps girls in developing countries from living up to their full potential. It also leaves them vulnerable to severe physical and emotional abuse.
These "servants of the householde to accept that life will never be any different.
Neglect
The developing world is full of poverty-stricken families who see their daughters as an economic predicament困境. That attitude has
resulted in the widespread neglect of baby girls in Africa, Asia, and South America. In many munities, it's a regular practice to breastfeed girls for a shorter time than boys so that women can try to get pregnant again with a boy as soon as possible. As a result, girls miss out on life-giving nutrition during a crucial window of their development, which stunts their growth and weakens their resistance to disease.
Statistics show that the neglect continues as they grow up. Young girls receive less food, healthcare and fewer vaccinations overall than boys. Not much changes as they bee women. Tradition calls for women to eat last, often reduced to picking over the leftovers from the men and boys.
Abuse
Even after infancy, the threat of physical harm follows girls throughout their lives. Women in every society are vulnerable to abuse. But the threat is more severe for girls and women who live in societies where women's rights mean practically nothing.
Mothers who lack their own rights have little protection to offer their daughters, much less themselves, from male relatives and other authority figures. The frequency of rape and violent attacks against women in the developing world is alarming. Forty-five percent of Ethiopian women say that they have been assaulted in their lifetimes. In 1998, 48 percent of
Palestinian women admitted to being abused by an intimate partner within the past year.
In some cultures, the physical and psychological trauma of rape is pounded by an additional stigma. In cultures that maintain st
rict sexual codes for women, if a woman steps out of bounds—by
choosing her own husband, flirting in public, or seeking divorce from an abusive partner—she has brought dishonor to her family
and must be disciplined. Often, discipline means execution. Families mit "honor killingsto salvage their reputation tainted by disobedient women.
Appallingly, this "disobedienceincludes rape. In 1999, a 16-year-old mentally handicapped girl in Pakistan who had been raped was brought before her tribe's judicial counsel. Although she was the victim and her attacker had been arrested, the counsel decided she had brought shame to the tribe and ordered her public execution. This case, which received a lot of
publicity at the time, is not unusual. Three women fall victim to honor killings in Pakistan every day—including victims of rape. In
areas of Asia, the Middle East, and even Europe, all responsibility for sexual misconduct falls, by default, to women. How to Help
You can help pull down the barriers that keep girls from attending school and begin to bring change for women in developing countries. The most direct way is by easing the financial need that forces families to take their children out of school in the first place.
Dozens of international organizations are working to improve the livelihood of impoverished people. By building infrastructure and providing aid, vocational training, and education programs, they give families in developing countries resources to create healthy and stable lives. That takes the burden of mere survival off young women and gives them the time to get an education. With practical help and encouragement, girls are more likely to eoll and stay in
school.
encouraging all international organizations to e up with strategies for girls' education as part of their initial development plans. It has also started a movement to monitor school materials, facilities, and teachers to ensure that girls get a
quality education that promotes appropriate perceptions of women, and that female students are given the same privileges as male students. other reputable organizations need now are the resources to fund their efforts.
You can help begin to change the lives of women around the world by making a financial gift or raising awareness about girls in the developing world who want to help raise awareness of the issues tha impact children. You can The need is clear, and though the obstacles to ending gender discrimination are high, they are not insurmountable.
Educated
women are essential to ending gender bias, starting by reducing the poverty that makes discrimination even worse in the developing world. The most basic skills in literacy and arithmetic open up opportunities for better-paying jobs for women. Uneducated women in rural areas of Zambia, for instance, are twice as likely to live in poverty as those who have had eight or more years of education. The longer a girl is able to stay in school, the greater her chances to pursue worthwhile employment, higher education, and a life without the hazards of extreme poverty.
Women who have had some schooling are more likely to get married later, survive childbirth, have fewer and healthier children,
and make sure their own children plete school. They also understand hygiene and nutrition better and are more likely to prevent disease by visiting health care facilities. The UN estimates that for every year a woman spends in primary school, the risk of her child dying prematurely is reduced by 8 percent.
Girls' education also means prehensive change for a society. As women get the opportunity to go to school and obtain higher-level jobs, they gain status in
their munities. Status translates into the power to influence their families and societies.
Even bigger changes bee possible as girls' education bees the cultural norm. Women can't defend themselves against physical and sexual abuse until they have the authority to speak against it without fear. Knowledge gives that authority. Women who have been educated are half as likely to undergo harmful cultural practices such as female genital mutilation (FGM) and four times as likely to protect their daughters from it. The Global Campaign for Education also states that a primary education defends women against HIV/AIDS infection—disproportionately
high for women in developing countries—by giving "the most
marginalized groups in society—notably young women—the status
and confidence needed to act on information and refuse unsafe
sex."
篇二:关于女性歧视的英语演讲
Working treatment
Companies tend to employ males when employers got the same masters degree.Unequal male-female eollment rates are still exist.When the industries and positions doing this,Universities are no exception.From 2000 to 2010,female students represented more percent of top scores in college entrance exams,but some universities continue to maintain a double standard of favoring females.
Assignment distrubution in family
In China,it has long been a traditional concept that a woman without talent is called virtuous.Males are asked to go to work and wives should worship them and depend on them.although marriage is equally important for both men and women,it is the women who seem to get saddled with the weight of responsibility for adopt children and doing housework. social status
In daily life, we always equate a woman’s success with the
marriage as if that’s all there is to life.These culture expectations and assumptions run deep- so deep that we don’t even notice the
built-in sexism that separate women and men.What’s more,women
in high politic power are less than man.Still in today,people
unconsciously emphasis candidates gender when encounter
females’ name.
Language using
Both in English and Chinese,language also hind some kinds of
discrimination.”male” and “female”,using man to include the human beings,and so on.Besides,maybe high heel shoes can be
another term of please their husband or the
篇三:浅谈英汉传统文化中的性别歧视
浅谈英汉传统文化中的性别歧视
江苏电大武进学院姚丽萍
【摘要】从女性主义立场出发,对英汉传统文化所反映出的性
别歧视现象及其在语言中的体现分别作了论述和比较,阐明了社
会角色中的男女在不同文化中的期望值。
【关键词】英汉传统文化性别歧视
从跨文化交际学的角度上来说,每一个民族都有他自己的生活
习惯、思维方式、语言心理、行为规范、价值观念和文化传统。
英汉文化的内涵极为丰富,在它们之间的语义和文化的完全对等
是极为少见的,但是在男女关系之间表现出来的对女性的歧视和
男女地位的不平等却存在着许多异曲同工之处。
一、英语传统文化中出现的性别歧视
英语传统文化中的性别歧视体现在诸多方面:
1、英语称谓语中出现的性别歧视
人类社会中体现特定的人在特定的人际关系中的特定身份角色的称呼即为称谓。这种称呼反映着一定的社会文化或特定语言环境中人与人之间的关系。在英语的描述和称谓中,女人经常被说成植物或弱小的动物,如:vixen(雌狐),悍妇,bitch(母狗),泼妇,cat(猫),讨厌的女人,cow(母牛),既懒又蠢的女人,hen(母鸡),尤指爱管闲事或爱讲闲话的女人,称呼男人,
2、以男性为中心的婚俗
人类从母系社会发展到父系社会,男女角色进行了再分配:“男主外,女主内”,妇女的主导地位也随之失去。男子在家中被看作是身强力壮、主宰诸事、赡养妻小的一家之主,而女性则是依附者,活动的范围一般局限在家庭中,妇女的存在仅仅是对男子的点缀和装饰。男性在社会、政治、经济、文化等一切领域中都占着绝对的主宰地位,而女性的天地则缩小到家庭。众所周知,语言是一种特殊的社会现象,它是从劳动中创造出来的,与人的生产活动有着密切的关系,因此,当社会形成了男性占统治地位和女性居附庸地位的局面时,语言会有突出的反映。例如在以男性为中心的英语社会的婚俗中,一位女士嫁给一位男士后就会失去自己的姓名而变成“某某夫人”,就会从Miss变成Mrs.,或失去姓而只留下名,该女士也随着这种“附庸”关系而获得其社会地位,即使这位男士已经过世,她仍然是他的遗孀(如:Tom' widow)。如果要表述一个男人与一个女人结了婚,正确的表达只能是:Jane was married to (not with) John. 句中的介词“to”明确
地告诉我们,是Jane嫁给了John,Jane的地位从属于John。下面的例子也许能更好地说明这种“男娶女嫁”的婚姻规则:She wanted to marry her daughter to a rich man.
从婚俗来看,男性的中心地位和女性的附庸地位是一个不争的事实,女性只有首先获得了这种法定的附庸地位,才会获得相应的社会地位。
3、男尊女卑的宗教思想
英语族人虔信宗教,其主要宗教是基督教,上帝虽然不拒绝女信徒,可他并没有把女信徒和男信徒放在同等的地位。在《圣经》中有过这样的记载:上帝先造了亚当,又从亚当的身上抽了一根肋骨(rib)造了夏娃,于是就有了用“Adam's rib”指代woman的用法。夏娃造出来后,亚当就说:“这是我骨头中的一块新骨,我皮肉上剥离的新肉;因为她取自于人(man),所以她将被称作女人(woman)”。可见从一开始,上帝就把男人放在了统治地位,女人则只能附属于“他”而存在。虽然早期基督教所宣扬的博爱平等思想使它赢得了众多的追随者,但基督教在男女关系问题上又是一个充满矛盾的宗教。在教堂举行的婚礼上,牧师会这样宣布:I now pronounce you man and wife.(not“husband and wife”)结了婚的男士还是man,仍
可逍遥自在。而结了婚的女士却已经变成wife,身份一经确定,就不得再有非分之想。另一方面,结了婚的man,照样在外打天下,挣面包,呼风唤雨,而变成wife的女人,其天地则缩小到家
庭,只能呆在这个狭小的空间里伺候丈夫、照顾孩子、当丈夫的陪衬和点缀。英语国家的宗教语言中显示的男尊女卑的思想是显而易见的。
二、汉语传统文化中出现的性别歧视
1、汉语称谓语中出现的性别歧视
在古代中国,女人常采用表示地位低下的称谓来自称,如“奴”、“奴家”、“妾”等,而称呼丈夫则要采用表示尊敬的称谓,如“夫君”、“郎君”、“官人”等,而男性称自己的妻子为“贱室”、“荆妇”、“内人”、“房下”等。在农村还有称“堂客”、“孩子他妈”、“他/她娘”,当着外人提及自己的妻子时,用“屋里的”或“我那口子”或用自己的孩子的名称来称呼。现代,
2、以男性为中心的婚俗
中国是个有几千年封建历史的国家,婚姻习俗很多,但无论是哪一种,都是建立在“男尊女卑”思想基础上的。中国有句古语:“男大当婚,女大当嫁”,“嫁”虽是“女”、“家”组合而成的,但这个家不是女子之家,而是丈夫之家,说明了中国的传统婚姻“规则”——“从夫居”,这和英语族人的婚姻传统毫无区别。一旦进了夫家的门,与英语族人不同的是,女子就失去了自己的名,只留下了姓。如果被国人看着的家谱,其中所列某某人的妻子只是在姓后加一个氏字,如“刘氏”、“李氏”、“张氏”等。墓碑上只告诉别人“家母”姓什么。口头上,叫某个男人的妻子时,甚至连她的姓都省去了,只称作:“刘家的”、“李家的”、“张家的”
等等。即使在现代文明程度很高的香港,仍有其残迹:现任香港律政司司长陈方安生、凤凰卫视的新闻记者吕丘露薇、陈鲁豫等,都是有名的女性,但名字念起来却很别扭。很明显,她们是将丈夫的姓氏冠在自己姓名的前面,虽比起古人只有姓氏而不传其名是一个很大的进步,但夫姓冠首,所反映的还是一种隶属关系,看似新潮、前卫,实质仍是封建传统的遗留。事实上,香港、澳门等地有许多新女性都将丈夫的姓放在自己姓名的前面,以示所属,它表明性别歧视仍不是个别现象。
3、男尊女卑的封建伦理观
中国文化的主干是儒家文化,可是儒家鼻祖孔子在两千多年之前就讲过:“唯女子与小人难养也。”在孔子的心目中,女人与“小人”是同一个档次的。自从有了孔子给女性的定位,妇女的地位在封建社会中就没有高过“小人”。首先体现在完全不平等的夫妻关系上,丈夫可以随意“休妻”,正式规定的休妻理由就有七条,即所谓的“七去(出)”:“不顺父母去,为其逆德也;无子,为其绝后也;淫,为其乱族也;妒,为其乱家也;有恶疾,为其不可与共粢盛也;口多言,为其离亲也;盗窃,为其反义也。”[2]而且,休妻的手续也特别简单,只要丈夫一低“休书”,妻子就会沦为“弃妇”,受到社会的歧视。另一方面,妻子却没有“休夫”的权利,只能是“嫁鸡随鸡”,“嫁狗随狗”。即使丈夫已经去世,妻子仍然不能选择第二次婚姻,她必须为死去的丈夫“守节”,因为,“好马不伺二主,好女不嫁二夫”,“一女不吃二家饭”,“好马不吃回
头草,烈女不配二丈夫”。而相比之下,丈夫不仅可以在妻子死后名正言顺地续弦,就是妻子在世时,仍然可以有三妻四妾。
在礼教最为盛行的宋朝,还专门给妇女的言行立了“规矩”,即所谓的“三从四德”。“三从”指“未嫁从父,出嫁从夫,夫死从子”;“四德”便是“妇德、妇言、妇容、妇功”。“三从”把女人牢牢控制在被统治地位上,一辈子也没有自己当家作主的时候。而“四德”则强调女人的生存目标就是要以男人为中心,要以伺候男人为己任。除此以外,对妇女还有一些更为严格的限制:“笑不露齿,话莫高声”。荒淫无耻的南唐后主竟然别出心裁,将女人的脚裹成“三寸金莲”以供其享乐玩耍。如此种种封建伦理,任由女人怎样挣扎,也逃不出男人的手掌心。
(三)不平等的宗教信仰观
宗教信仰对于人们的精神和心理需要都起着相当重要的作用,对妇女更是如此。因为,妇女长期处于被压抑和屈辱的地位,她们对自己卑微的社会及家庭地位无法正确理解,想从宗教信仰中寻求一种精神上的寄托和慰藉。但是,就几种在我国流传较为广泛、影响较大的宗教而言,她们是不能如愿的,她们在那里的地位甚至更低。无论是本国的宗法性传统宗教:道教,还是“西土”传来的佛教,都有明显歧视妇女的性别观,都视妇女为“不祥、不洁”之物从而排斥、贬低她们。如我国宗法性传统宗教中的祭祖仪式,都是由男性族长或家长主持,无论是享祭者还是在祭者都严格按照父系血统的辈次排列,女性后人不能进入本家族的祖宗
系列。丧夫的妇女、再嫁的妇女、产妇、孕妇和行经期间的妇女等都无权参加祭祖[2] 。我国民间土生土长的道教,虽然其中的“太平道”也曾主张社会的“极大公平”,但这个公平是不包括妇女在内的。《太平经》说:“天法阳教一,阴教二;故阳者奇,阴者偶??阳者尊,阴者卑。故二阴当共事一阳,??二女当共事一男也”。[2]其中“男尊女皓”的思想一目了然,而且还为“一夫多妻”提供了“理论”根据。在国人心里占有重要地位的佛教更是将妇女贬到了社会的最低层。它视女性为”污垢、罪恶”的结晶,《阿含经》论述妇女有“九恶”:(女子)污秽不净;口恶;反复无常;好嫉妒;悭吝;喜游乐;多嗔恚;多妄语;举动轻佻。[2]《大菩萨藏经》中还说:“妇女是众苦之本,是障害之本,是杀害之本,是系缚之本,是忧愁之本,是怨寇之本,是生育之本。应当知道,妇女是消灭圣慧之眼的。”[2]《诸经要集》说的更狠毒:“在家的俗女多恚毒,近之则失国破家,触之则如遇蛇,其言如蜜,内心如鸩。”[2]总之,妇女在佛教里比魔鬼还要坏三分,他们把一切罪过都记到了妇女的头上。
三 英汉文化传统中性别歧视现象之比较
(一)英汉传统中性别歧视的相似之处
虽然英语与汉语属于不同的两大语系,说这两种语言的人属于完全不同的民族,但是,他们都生存于“人类”这个大家族中,有着相同的人类进化历程,都经历了漫长的父系社会——父权社会。无论是从传统习俗、习惯还是从传统文化等方面,都有着惊
人的类似之处:对女性的歧视现象。英语中,夏娃只不过是亚当身上的一根肋骨。试想,肋骨能离开它的依托,独立发挥作用吗?不能。因此,英语中体现了妇女社会地位的高低有赖于丈夫社会地位的高低,越是法定的附属关系,其社会地位就越牢靠。当人家的wife要比当mistress(情妇)强,而当人家的mistress又比当spinster(老处女)要好。要知道,spinster一词含有明显的贬义,含有身心不太健康、行为古怪的“老处女”之意。反映在称呼上就是,Mrs.的社会地位要高于Miss,Miss的社会地位次之,Ms则给人含混不清、神秘莫测的感觉。
汉语中,妻子只是丈夫的“贱内”、“贱妾”或“拙荆”而已。男性代表着权利、地位,可以支配一切,而女性只能依附男性而存在,所谓“夫贵妻荣”、“母凭子贵”。女性的活动范围局限于家庭那狭小的空间,其生存的主要任务和目标就是替夫家传宗接代,伺奉丈夫,取悦丈夫,作父权社会中的点缀和装饰而已。
古代中国,封建时代有把朝代更迭说成是因女人乱了朝纲(如妲己、杨玉环),却避而不谈封建统治者腐败导致革命的事实,因而有了“红颜祸水”之说,又如“哲夫成城,哲妇城倾”、“牝鸡司晨,惟家之常”,如此说法英语中也有相同表达:“It is sad house
where the hen crows louder than the cocks”, “ It’s a silly sorry ,
flock where the owe hears the bell women are the devil’s nets (妇人是万恶之源)”, “No devil is so bad as she debit (女人没有灵魂)”, “Women have no souls (恶魔还没有凶恶的女人历害)”,
“ Nothing agrees worse than a lady’s heart and beggar’s purse (妇人之心和乞丐的钱包一样,糟糕透顶) ”。
(二)英汉传统中性别歧视的不同之处
英语国家与中国相隔万里,其历史发展有着巨大的差别。因此,在文化和传统上存在着很大的差异。首先,中古时期的骑士风度传统虽然源于妇女是弱者需保护的心理,但它起码
反映出强者应该保护弱者的姿态。从某种意义上讲,妇女会受到一定程度的保护。其次,英国的封建社会时期要比中国的短得多。13世纪开始于意大利的文艺复兴运动,14、15世纪时已经席卷整个欧洲,1840年英国开始了资产阶级大革命,从此进入资本主义时期。文艺复兴运动和资产阶级革命解放了人们的思想,妇女的地位相应得到提高。尤其是始于19世纪的女权主义运动,为争取妇女的平等地位做出了巨大贡献,大大提高了欧美妇女的社会地位。
相比之下,中国的封建社会长达几千年,一直延续到20世纪初期,封建礼教和伦理观念愈演愈烈。如果说在封建文明较为发达的唐朝还比较开明的话,那么,到了宋朝,“三从四德”等一系的所谓“礼教”和“紧箍咒”套在广大妇女的头上,她们的地位就越来越低,以致到了妇女不能高声说话,不能露齿而笑的地步。可以说,中国妇女的社会地位和家庭地位比欧美国家的妇女地位要低得多,她们的处境更为艰难,更值得人们同情和关怀。
四 用词的中性化
语言是社会生活的一面镜子,它反映着社会生活的方方面面。性别歧视现象体现于语言形式,但根源于社会和文化。这一观点既适用于英语,又适用于汉语,尽管英汉语中的性别歧视现象可采用不同的形式,但它们共同反映了各自的社会,文化等现实,它们的变更方式不同,但方向一致,即去除社会文化给语言打上了性别歧视的烙印。而要在较短的时期内消除这一现象是不可能实现的,但不可否认,男女平等的观念已经深入人心,一种新的价值观正在逐渐形成和发展。可以预见,随着人类社会的发展,语言中的性别歧视现象将会引起更多的关注,并伴随着文化传统中性别歧视现象的消灭而最终消失。一批著名的女权主义者、女性主义文学批评家,如法国的西蒙?波伏娃(S imone de Beauvoir)、克里斯多娃(J.Kristeva)、西苏(H.Cixous)、英国的弗吉尼亚?伍尔夫(Virqinia Woolf)、美国的肖瓦尔特(E.Showalter)等都非常重视对男性语言的批判。她们认为,首先应该从语言上颠覆男权统治,主张创造没有性别歧视的词汇或用中性词替代具有明显性别差异的词汇等。如,用domestic engineer代替housewife;用dingle代替离婚后的男女,因为,离婚后的男子仍可称bachelor,而离婚后的女子只能是divorcee;用中性词person代替man或woman构词,如:mankind-personkind,fisherman-fisherperson,chai rman -chairperson,salesman-salesperson等。另外,男性泛化词后面添上表示女性的词或改成不带性别标识的复数形式:
1.Someone has left his or her bag in the classroom.
2.Students should sudy hard.If they don't,they cannot make
progress.
除此以外,英国政府还用立法来维护男女的平等权利,如就业
平等委员会已经立法规定了招工广告用语的中性化要求[3]:慎用
男性词(he,him,his等)指代男女双性,要用兼顾两性的he or she,him/her等。机械师、打字员和餐厅服务员等职位不可偏向一
性,如,“Waite r required”属违法广告用语,要用“Waiter/Waitress required”取代。美国政府也很重视女权主义者改变性别歧视语言
的呼声,美国劳动部在十多年前组织编写出版的《职业名称辞典》
(Dictionary of Occupational Title)就尽量避开了性别歧视语言:
maid-house wor ker or helper,takceff man-battery plate
remover,takeoff girl-form stripper,gover ness-nanny,etc.
在中国,由于汉字为方块字,很难在造字方面进行改革。新中
国成立以后,重点主要放在妇女的政治和经济地位的提高上。毛
泽东主席的“妇女半边天”指示以及政府倡导的“男女同工同酬”
等政策,将广大的妇女从家庭的桎梏中解放出来,使妇女获得了
政治、经济上的独立。另外,政府颁发了妇女儿童权益保护法,
以保障妇女的权利。中国女权主义运动还处在学习西方女权主义
理论的初级阶段,更多的只是“纸上谈兵”,还未针对中国几千年
来男尊女卑的封建传统和伦理观念展开斗争,这种根深蒂固的传
统观念不是朝一夕就可以清除掉的,男女要真正平等,妇女要得
到彻底解放,还有很长一段路要走。
【参考文献】
[1] The Holy Bible,London:Collins'Clear-Type Prss,1906.
[2] 王庆淑.中国传统习俗中的性别歧视[M].北京:北京大学出版社,1995.
[3] 穆凤良,李秀萍.英语中的性别歧视与中性化[J].外语与外语教学,1998(5):17—2 0.
[4] 常敬宇.汉语词汇与文化[M].北京:北京大学出版社,1995.
浅谈英汉传统文化中的男女关系
【作者】韩荧江苏电大武进学院02国贸英语班
作文五:《女性职业歧视,英语作文》10700字
女性职业歧视,英语作文
篇一:关于女性歧视的英语演讲
Working treatment
Companies tend to employ males when employers got the same masters degree.Unequal male-female eollment rates are still exist.When the industries and positions doing this,Universities are no exception.From 2000 to 2010,female students represented more percent of top scores in college entrance exams,but some universities continue to maintain a double standard of favoring females.
Assignment distrubution in family
In China,it has long been a traditional concept that a woman without talent is called virtuous.Males are asked to go to work and wives should worship them and depend on them.although marriage is equally important for both men and women,it is the women who seem to get saddled with the weight of responsibility for adopt children and doing housework. social status
In daily life, we always equate a woman’s success with the
marriage as if that’s all there is to life.These culture expectations and assumptions run deep- so deep that we don’t even notice the
built-in sexism that separate women and men.What’s more,women
in high politic power are less than man.Still in today,people unconsciously emphasis candidates gender when encounter females’ name.
Language using
Both in English and Chinese,language also hind some kinds of discrimination.”male” and “female”,using man to include the
human beings,and so on.Besides,maybe high heel shoes can be another term of please their husband or the
篇二:英语六级作文范文及点评:学历歧视 Educational
background discrimination
英语六级作文范文及点评:学历歧视 Educational
background discrimination
From the cartoon given above, we can observe that there is a recruiter talking with an interviewee. When looking at the resume submitted by the candidate, the interviewer says,“Sorry, kid? Your
resume looks good, but you only have a Master’s degree?All the
other applicants are Ph.D. ! ” Having heard these words, the
applicant seems to be quite helpless and embarrassed.
如图所示,我们可以观察到有一个招聘与面试者交谈。面试官
在看简历时说:“对不起,孩子??你的简历看起来不错,但你只
有一个硕士学位??所有的申请者都是博士~“听到这些话,申请
者似乎很无奈和尴尬。
The cartoon reveals that the society has been placing a higher value on
educational degree. What factors might contribute to this phenomenon? Answers to this question may involve many aspects, and here are a few guesses: for one thing, from the subjective aspect, quite a few employers hold that the higher educational degree people have, the more petent they will be. For another, from the objective aspect, with the professions in modern society being increasingly segmented, employees are required to acquire higher degree to fulfill their tasks efficiently. 这幅漫画揭示
了社会对教育程度的重视程度。哪些因素会导致这种现象,对这
个问题的回答可能涉及很多方面,这里有一些猜测:一方面,从
主观方面看,不少雇主认为,高等教育程度越高,越有能力。另
一方面,从客观方面来看,随着现代社会中的职业变得越来越细
分,员工必须获得更高的学位,有效地完成任务。
Definitely, higher degrees enjoy obvious advantages. However, it is not advisable that employers judge a person only by his/ her educational backgrounds. Let alone “Degree Discrimination”. As for
ourselves, we should not only attach a great importance to educational degree, but also spare no efforts to enhance our (转载
自:.BdfQy.Com 千 叶帆 文摘:女性职业歧视,英语作
文)prehensive abilities.
肯定,更高的度享受明显的优势。然而,雇主只靠他/她的教育
背景来判断一个人是不可取的。更不用说“学历歧视”。至于我们
自己,我们不仅要重视教育程度,而且要不遗余力地提高我们的
综合能力。
篇三:英文性别歧视事例
Girls: Household Servants
When a boy is born in most developing countries, friends and relatives exclaim congratulations. A son means insurance. He will inherit his father's property and get a job to help support the family. When a girl is born, the reaction is very different. Some women weep when they find out their baby is a girl
because, to them, a daughter is just another expense. Her place is in the home, not in the world of men. In some parts of India, it's traditional to greet a family with a newborn girl by saying, "The servant of your household has been born."
A girl can't help but feel inferior when everything around her tells her that she is worth less than a boy. Her identity is forged as soon as her family and society limit her opportunities and declare her to be second-rate.
A bination of extreme poverty and deep biases against women creates a remorseless cycle of discrimination that keeps girls
in developing countries from living up to their full potential. It also leaves them vulnerable to severe physical and emotional abuse. These "servants of the householde to accept that life will never be any different.
Neglect
The developing world is full of poverty-stricken families who see their daughters as an economic predicament困境. That attitude has
resulted in the widespread neglect of baby girls in Africa, Asia, and South America. In many munities, it's a regular practice to breastfeed girls for a shorter time than boys so that women can try to get pregnant again with a boy as soon as possible. As a result, girls miss out on life-giving nutrition during a crucial window of their development, which stunts their growth and weakens their resistance to disease.
Statistics show that the neglect continues as they grow up. Young girls receive less food, healthcare and fewer vaccinations overall than boys. Not much changes as they bee women. Tradition calls for women to eat last, often reduced to picking over the leftovers from the men and boys.
Abuse
Even after infancy, the threat of physical harm follows girls throughout their lives. Women in every society are vulnerable to
abuse. But the threat is more severe for girls and women who live in societies where women's rights mean practically nothing. Mothers who lack their own rights have little protection to offer their daughters, much less themselves, from male relatives and other authority figures. The frequency of rape and violent attacks against women in the developing world is alarming. Forty-five percent of Ethiopian women say that they have been assaulted in their lifetimes. In 1998, 48 percent of
Palestinian women admitted to being abused by an intimate partner within the past year.
In some cultures, the physical and psychological trauma of rape is pounded by an additional stigma. In cultures that maintain strict sexual codes for women, if a woman steps out of bounds—by
choosing her own husband, flirting in public, or seeking divorce from an abusive partner—she has brought dishonor to her family
and must be disciplined. Often, discipline means execution. Families mit "honor killingsto salvage their reputation tainted by disobedient women.
Appallingly, this "disobedienceincludes rape. In 1999, a 16-year-old mentally handicapped girl in Pakistan who had been raped was brought before her tribe's judicial counsel. Although she was the victim and her attacker had been arrested,
the counsel decided she had brought shame to the tribe and ordered her public execution. This case, which received a lot of publicity at the time, is not unusual. Three women fall victim to honor killings in Pakistan every day—including victims of rape. In
areas of Asia, the Middle East, and even Europe, all responsibility for sexual misconduct falls, by default, to women. How to Help
You can help pull down the barriers that keep girls from attending school and begin to bring change for women in developing countries. The most direct way is by easing the financial need that forces families to take their children out of school in the first place.
Dozens of international organizations are working to improve the livelihood of impoverished people. By building infrastructure and providing aid, vocational training, and education programs, they give families in developing countries resources to create healthy and stable lives. That takes the burden of mere survival off young women and gives them the time to get an education. With practical help and encouragement, girls are more likely to eoll and stay in
school.
encouraging all international organizations to e up with strategies for girls' education as part of their initial
development plans. It has also started a movement to monitor school materials, facilities, and teachers to ensure that girls get a quality education that promotes appropriate perceptions of women, and that female students are given the same privileges as male students. other reputable organizations need now are the resources to fund their efforts.
You can help begin to change the lives of women around the world by making a financial gift or raising awareness about girls in the developing world who want to help raise awareness of the issues tha impact children. You can The need is clear, and though the obstacles to ending gender discrimination are high, they are not insurmountable.
Educated
women are essential to ending gender bias, starting by reducing the poverty that makes discrimination even worse in the developing world. The most basic skills in literacy and arithmetic open up opportunities for better-paying jobs for women. Uneducated women in rural areas of Zambia, for instance, are twice as likely to live in poverty as those who have had eight or more years of education. The longer a girl is able to stay in school, the greater her chances to pursue worthwhile employment, higher education, and a life without the hazards of extreme poverty.
Women who have had some schooling are more likely to get married later, survive childbirth, have fewer and healthier children, and make sure their own children plete school. They also understand hygiene and nutrition better and are more likely to prevent disease by visiting health care facilities. The UN estimates that for every year a woman spends in primary school, the risk of her child dying prematurely is reduced by 8 percent.
Girls' education also means prehensive change for a society. As women get the opportunity to go to school and obtain higher-level jobs, they gain status in
their munities. Status translates into the power to influence their families and societies.
Even bigger changes bee possible as girls' education bees the cultural norm. Women can't defend themselves against physical and sexual abuse until they have the authority to speak against it without fear. Knowledge gives that authority. Women who have been educated are half as likely to undergo harmful cultural practices such as female genital mutilation (FGM) and four times as likely to protect their daughters from it. The Global Campaign for Education also states that a primary education defends women against HIV/AIDS infection—disproportionately
high for women in developing countries—by giving "the most
marginalized groups in society—notably young women—the status
and confidence needed to act on information and refuse unsafe
sex."
作文六:《关于性别歧视的英语作文及翻译》1500字
Gender Inequality in Employment of College Graduates
Gender Inequality is a long-standing historical and global
problem .In ancient times, many countries in the world exist such Concept , but the practice of Feminist movementhave never stopped.
Nowadays, all over the world to advocate equality between men and women ,and in fact the situation is bee better and better , but many people still Hold onthis concept In the
subconscious .Today ,we are suffering the global financial crisis, the economic downturn, make it more and more difficult for the college graduates to look for jobs. In this case, it seems unlikely that girls can find a job, because many enterprises and institutions in the recruitment of Discrimination against girls with a variety of reasons.
In my opinion, the concept is wrong, equality between the sexes has long been written into national laws of many countries. And there are many outstanding women, take a important roles in the government and enterprises .
At present-day society, the ability of women don’t seem to be smaller than men, so we should change our concept of inequality between men and women pletely, we should give girls much more opportunities. And our society will bee more harmonious and beautiful!
译文:高校毕业生招聘中的性别歧视
性别歧视是一个全球性的、历史长久的问题。在古代,世界上许多国家人民都 抱有这样的观念,但是女权运动也从未平息过。
现在,全世界都在倡导男女平等,事实上这种状况也有很大的改观,但许多人 潜意识里仍然存在着性别歧视观念。今天,我们正遭受着全球金融危机的冲 击,这使得高校毕业生的就业前景雪上加霜。在这种情况下,女生要找到一份 工作似乎更加困难,因为许多企事业用各种各样的理由拒绝女生。
在我看来这种观念是错误的,男女平等已经被写入各国法律很久了。现在,有 许多杰出女士,担任着各国政府的政要和企业中的重要位置。
在如今社会,女生的能力不一定会比男生弱,所以我们要彻底改变男女不平等 的观念,我们要给予女生们更多的机会。这个社会会变得更加和谐、美好
作文七:《英语中的性歧视》27300字
英语中的性歧视
The Sexism in English
1.Introduction
Language is a mirror that reflects the reality . On one side , it reflects the culture — language is an important carrier of culture ;on the other side , it reflects the society —it’s a tool to maintain social order . Sexism has been a kind of social phenomenon for thousands of years .Sexism is mon in English and many other languages. In social and cultural life , people will say what and how to say them is directly depended on the society . With people’s thoughts embodied in the language and culture , sexism can be represented as “language of women” and “language about women” . The former one is the result of the requirement that women should speak accaording to their own roles . The later one is the unequal phenomenon that women are discriminated and and suppressed .
In the broad sense , sexism is the descrimination against women or men (Wardhaugh , 1986) . The Oxford English Dictionary defines “sexism” as : descrimination based on gender , especially descrimination against women . Merrians Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary (the 10th edition) has the similar definition : sexism is the bias or descrimination against women caused by sex differences .
In English , sexism exists in its morphology , syntax , semantics and pragmatics . The ways words are formed , the sentence structures , the meanings of words , and also , the using of words all give evidence that sexism is existant and popular .
2. Sexism in Morphology, Syntax , Semantics and Pragmatics
2.1 Sexism in Morphology
Morphologically, people use words which represent male to indicate female . On the condition that the gender of the person refferred to is unknown , English people are inclined to use the third person pronoun (he , his ,him) to represent the person . In this case , “he” , “his” ,and “him” can represent both the gender male and female . Usually , the neutral person pronoun for “he” and “she” is “he”. For example , We hope the audience will make up his own mind . Everybody must do his best . According to the data , the persentage of “he” and “she” used in documents is 4:1 , “he” is used to indicate the meaning of “she” , “his” also includes the meaning of “her” , which shows the domination of male in social society .
Moreover , words as “man” , “mankind” and those wods ended up with “—man” can represent both genders . “Man” can not only represent male and adult male , but also can be used to represent every person . But “woman” can not be used like that . Many nouns that indicates careers can use “ —man” as their suffix , thouth that kind of work is done by women . For example , chairman , mailman , workman , postman , freeman , etc . Men have lived here for years . Thouth some words have both the form of “—man” and “—woman” , such as , policeman/policewoman , workman/workwoman, while the gender is unknown , people use the form of “—man” without exception . Sometimes , even people know the person’s gender is female , people often use the male words , for example , He was punished severely by policeman for dangerous driving .
Besides , when people are writing a letter , they always use the male appellation ,such as , Dear Sir , Dear Gentleman , to represent the person with unknown gender .
In English , women are subordinated to men . The female nouns are formed by affixing the male nouns . For example , hero/heroine , steward/stewardess, male/female , waiter/waitress, etc. This means that the male nouns are recognized as unmarked , they are the nouns themselves . While the female nouns are marked , which means that they are formed by adding affix to the male nouns .
The male words can be used to refer both the genders . If people want to use them to refer
to female , they have to use the words , such as , “lady” or “women” to emphasize . Lexically , the nouns ended with “—er” , “—or” are neutral words , but people treat them as male nouns . That’s why people have to add “ woman” to indicate female , for example , a woman doctor . In mon case , the nouns that refer to lower social careers have both the male and female form . But if people want to refer to the higher socail positions , they only have the concept of male . People have to use “lady” , “woman” , “female” ,etc . to emphasize the female concept . For example , a lady—doctor , a woman lawer , etc . That is because the positions themselves are recognized as men’s careers with respect . In other cases , the nouns , such as , male baby—sister , and male nurse , the word “male” added here just because these careers are recognized as humble ,and they must be done by women .
2.2 Sexism in Syntax
In syntax , there is also sexism . Traditionally , people think that male is superior to female both physically and mentally . In daily talk and writing , when a male and a female appear at the same situation , the male nouns are used in front of the female nouns . For example , boys and girls , men and women , prince and pricess , Mr and Mrs etc. But the polite greeting “ladies and gentlemen” is an exception . That is a fixed word order in social situations and that doesn’t mean that women’s position has been raised . Tracing back to the ancient times , high officials and noble lords always have their wives acpany them in parties . But the ladies were considered to be weak and delicate . Therefore, when entering or exiting the door , the gentlemen always let the ladies go first . That’s the origin that “lady first” es from . And gradually , people were accustomed to say “ladies and gentlemen” in speakings and toasts .
Besides , the sentence structure also embodies sexism . Because women’s social status and powers are inferior to men , women are inclined to use mild and implicit sentences to express relaxed tone . The tag question is a typical feature , for example , He won’t e today , will he ? What’s more , women always use Model Auxiliaries and Parenthesis to show uncertainty . For example , I was wondering if you could possibly do me a favour .
In semantics , there are four kinds of sexism . The first one , is the degradation of female words. Some of the female words were only used to describe those women with higher social status , but now these words have been made popular . Paralelly , The male words haven’t changed over time . A typical example is “lord” and “lady” . In the past , “lady” represents the graceful and superior woman , but now, it doesn’t contain the meaning of “lord” . In shops , people call the female “salesladies” , and the male “salesmen” instead of “saleslord” or “salesgentlemen” . Therefore , “lord” and “gentlemen” still keep the meaning of superior and respect . But “lady” bees more and more popular . The second one , is that female words are usually associated with negative meaning . There is a trend that the female words are deteriorating , while the male words are being honored . In usual situation , male words have positive meanings , while female words have negative meanings . Take bachelor and spinster as an example , both of them mean the unmarried person . Bachelor implies the meaning decent , independent and sex free , while spinster implies ugly , sexless and incapable . Though some words are similar in their forms , their inherent meanings are different . Take governor and governess as an example , governor means the person appointed to govern a province or state (esp . a colony abroad ) . But governess means the woman employed to teach young children in their home ( usu . living in as the member of the household ) . The third one is that , even the same word can have positive or negative meaning when it is used to represent male or female . For example , tramp means the person with no fixed home or occupation who wanders from place to place . It keeps the meaning when used to refer to a male person . When it is used to refer to the female person , it means a whore . The fourth one is , the words which are used to describe a female who loses her virgin are far more than that are used to describe a male . According to the statistics , in English , people express their descrimination against women by smearing the female nouns . There are about 520 words being used to mean a woman with a messed sex—life . To certain degree , Almost every female word has the negative meaning . The negative meaning of lady , queen , madam , mistress etc. is female cat , procuress .
In pragmatics , the sexism is also obvious and mon . After the marriage of a girl , she has to change her family name and ues her husband’s family name . There is no lack of this kind of example . In daily life , male has no need to state clear whether he is married or unmarried , while female has to use Mrs and Miss to distinguish if she is married or not . In English , people are used to using names of objects to refer to men and women . The connotation and emotion are different from each other . Food is for eating , and the names of food are usually used to refer to women . This shows the inferior position of women , such as , cheesecake(naked woman) , cheery(a virgin) , tomato(beautiful woman) . When using the names of animals as a metaphor to women , they always have the negative meaning of stubborn , rude , unreasonable , and dissolute . For example , “dragon” has the meaning of shrew , “cow” means the lazy and stupid woman , “hen” means the gossip woman who likes to poke her nose into other people’s business . On the contrary , the metaphors to men have little negative meanings . “Stub” , “buck” , “wolf” symbolize power and domintion . People also pare a cunny man as a “fox” , and a kind of respect is contained in the meaning .
3.Main Causes of Sexism
English is a kind of language with sexism , Dale Spender (1985) pointed out men monopolize English , they have never given up the control to this language . This leads to women’s passive and inferior position . Eckert and Mc Monnel—Cinet (1992:90) think that the female language reflects women’s desire to ascend to the higher class , their lack of sense of security and their obedience . The male language reflects men’s strength , their will of peting , their ability of being independent , and their management and domination of the whole society . There are three main causes for sexism in English — culture , society and psycology .
3.1 The Cultural Causes
Language is an important part of culture . English embodies English culture . Religion is a concentrated reflection of culture , it influences the development of language . The Bible is the basis of western culture . In the Bible , men are described as pure and noble , and women are related with sex . On the positive aspect , women are the spokesmen of virgin , while on the negative aspect , women are the substitutes of whore . In the traditional religion and custom , women are always descriminated and repelled . Either in the New Testament or the Old Testament , women have no status at all . For example , as Jesus’s ancesters , the daughters of Jacob— Rebecca , Lea , Rachel , Diana were not mentioned at all . Even some women were mentioned , they were described as the substitutes and property of men . There was a description in the Bible of how human beings are created :
And the LORD GOD said , it is not good that the man should be alone ; I will make him a help meet for him .
And out of the ground the LORD GOD formed every beast of the field , and every fowl of the air ; and brought them unto Adam to see what he would call them : and whatsoever Adam called every living creature , that was the name of thereof .
And Adam gave names to all cattle , and to the fowl of the air and to every beast of the field ; but for Adam there was not found a help meet for him .
And the Lord GOD caused a deep sleep to fall upon Adam , and he slept ; and he tooks one of his ribs , and closed up the interested thereof .
And the rib , which the LORD GOD had taken from man , made her a woman , and brought her unto the man .
And Adam said this is now now bone of my bones ,and flesh of my fleshes : she shall be called Woman , becase she was taken out of man .
(Holy Bible ,1978, Cenesis , 2:18—24)
From the above description , we can clearly see that women are substituted to men . Men e to the world first , then women were created because they were needed by men . What’s more tragic is that women were created because all the other animals could not satisfy men . For the Bible , women can be defined as one part of men .
In Exodus , women are the same as other animals , they are belonged to men , and they are the property of men : “ Thou shalt not covet them neighbor’s house , thou shalt covet thy
neighbor’s wife nor his manservant , nor his ox , nor his ass , nor anything that is thy neighbor’s .” The New Testament described women in this way : Wives , submit yourselves unto your husband , as unto the lord . For the husband is the head of wife , even as Christ is the Church --- Therefore as the Church is s ubject unto Christ , so let the wives are to their own husbands in everything . (Ephesiand 5:22—24) . In the Bible , almost all the influencing people are men , not women , such as JesusChrist , Moses , Abraham .
Besides , some theories about sex difference have appeared recently . Some scientists boasted that their theories were based on science , but in certain degree , their theories are deceiving . Floyd pointed that women has three main caracters : passive , self—admiring , being maltreated . Therefore women are born with self—abased , jealous caracters . Unlike women , men are persistent and just .
Moreover , in European countries , the education for women has been neglected for a long time . Women had no chance to get enough education . This caused their ignorance . Actually , they are not unwishing to fight , but are unable to fight .
3.2 The Social Causes
In social life , because of different social divisions of labor , the sexism appears . There are huge differences in the divisions of labor between men and women . Feminists think that it’s a society of men , the society exists for men , and men control the whole society . The male chauvinists claim that they are the men are the perfect standard , women must be judged by this standard . Simone de Beauvoir (quoted in William Kornblum and Joseph Julia , 1992) wrote in her “Women as Other” that women were different according to men’s standard , they were secondary and subordinated . Men were absolutely the dominators. Therefore , according to this kind of logic , women earn little money , they have no power and they are the secondary citizens . Their contributions to literature , art , and science can not get the praise they deserve . In the early time of human history , our society was devided to maternal society and paternal society . In maternal society , women were superior to men . With the development of productive force , men were gradually liberated from fishing and hunting , and they began to do agricutural work . Because men were stronger than women
physically , and women had to spend more time and energy taking care of the baby , so men bee more and more important in social life . Eventually , men began to control women , and women had to rely on men . This is the turning point in history . From then on , in the Paternal Society , in Feudalism , in the Slave Society and in the Capitalism , women all lived at the bottom of the society . The cause is just the differences in division of socail labor . The sociolinguist Bollisger (1980) think that the cause of the descrimination lied in that women were always considered to be the merchandise and property of men . He used two examples to illustrate that : 1 . Our people are the best gamblers in the galaxy . We pete for power , fame and women . 2 . The brave pioneers crossed the plains with their wives , their children and their cattle . When people read these two sentences , the immediate impression is that women are the property of men , they equal the cattle .
People would be socialized since the day when they were born . Especially the girls , they would wear either the blue or pink clothes . This is the earliest way to distinguish them from boys . Though children don't know the conotation of the colours , the adults kown . Based on this point , people can separate the sex roles . Parents always teach children what is “male” and what is “female” in their life . This makes the children have strong sense of gender . And this sense can be consolidated by further learning and experiencing . Influened by the life and media , people gradually form the idea of men and women .
Simone de Beauvoir described how girls were endowed with the socialized role in his book “The Second Sex” (1961). These roles made the girls realize that women can not match with the men anyway . That’s to say , people would not encourage girls to learn some challenging courses , such as maths and phylosophy . On the contrary , people expected girls to learn some skills like cooking , taking care of children and their husband , and doing housework . For example , Micheal Lewis (1972) discovered that the degree that parents take care of the newly born baby would influence the girls to form socialized roles .
From the early age , girl infants are looked at and talked to more than boy infants . For the first six months or so , boy infants have more physical contact than girl infants , but by the time they are six months old , this reverses and girls get more physical contact and more non—touching contact . The motive appears to be cultural ; mothers believe that boys should be more independent than girls and that they should be encouraged to explore and master the
world .
Lewis thought that the inclination that mothers liked to talk with girls could be explained why girls were good at talking skills . When they were six months old , boy infants got less and less care from their parents , and they had less chance to municate with parents . Therefore , when they were grown , they bee more independent than women . Compared with women , they were not so good at expressing their feelings .
H·Barry and some other sicentists have explored 110 kinds of culture . They found some similarities in the separation of men and women . Few societies would consider men and women equally , in many aspects , there were different requirements for the socialization of men and women . For example , 82% societies demanded women to do housework , and none of these societies had the same demand for men . 87% societies required men to be successful , only 3% societies had the same requirements for women . 85% societies encourage men to be independent , none of the societies required women to do so . Some other scientists discovered that most culture endowed men with higher social value while were bias against women . So it is mon to see that men are superior than women .
Education is also a formal social form . The main aim of education is to endow people with different social roles . Children spent plenty of time at school , they inevitably get influence from the education they get . Many studies show that school education will strenthen children’s senses of roles , and children will traditionalize these senses of roles . The most powerful form of education is literary works . In many literary works , men are described as “brave , positive” figures , while women as “ timid , passive” figures . Swann(1992) prehaensively annalyzed the functions that sexism language played in the forming of sex roles .
Textbook is another important cause of sexism in English because it will bing direct influence to children . For example , in the book “Science” , large quantities of examples all have men as the dominator . This can be a hint to girls : science is the business of men , it has nothing todo with women . Not only textbook , but also teachers’ words show the unjust in education . For example , the way teachers talk to students can also cause unequality between girls and boys . Levi (1995) once pointed out that men slways used such a ment “ last one across is a big girl’ blouse” . The influence of this ment is that people do not encourage
women to take outdoor activities .
Mass media is also an important way of socialization . No matter adults or children , people spend much time watching TV . People all watch the cartoons SnowWhite and Cinderella . The reason why snowwhite and deleila are loved by the audience is that they are kind , beautiful , timid , tamed , passive , and they are the subordinates of men . Because of this , they can gain the favor of men , and they can live a happy life ever since . In fact , from the advertisements we can find that : 1. women are supposed to stay at home . 2. women can not make decisions for big envents 3. women are substitued to men , they need men’s protction . 4. women are only the sex accopanies of men .
3.3 The Psycological Causes
Psychologically , women get more social restrictions than men . There are countless restrictions for women about their dressing , their way of walking and talking . Therefore , women are made self—abased and self—denying psychologically . Though some women have made success in politics and science , people also think that they are inferior to men .
4.The Way to Eliminate Sexism in English
Language can not only be used to exchange ideas , but also to create a harmonious atmosphere amoung municators . Any kind of sexism in English can hurt the feelings of municators . Nowadays , with the development of society and women’s social status , especially with the upsurge of the feminism in America , the demand for the elimination of sexism in English bees more urgent . There are two key problems : how to eliminate the sexist words in English ; how to avoid using third person pronouns that could cause sexism .
4.1 The way to eliminate the sexist words
There are some methods to change the sexist words to non—sexist words :
First of all , use the words that include both genders — the non-sexist words . Such as , immigrant , wroter , officer , coach , church member , grandparent , employee , testee .
The second one , if there is no refer in particular to the male or female , people should use synonyms to replace words with –girl , -women , -wife , -man as suffix . For example , calendar girl → calendar model , flag girl → flag bearer , flower girl →flower seller , house wife →house worker , midwife → birth attender , chairman → chairperson , seaman → sailor .
The third one , avoid using words with the suffix -ess , -ette , -rix , -enne but use words with non-sexist suffix –or , -an , -er , -ist . For example , actress → actor , administratrix → administrator , usherette → usher , edienne → edian .
The fourth one , when writing a letter , if the receiver’s gender is unknown , it is better to avoid the traditional use of Dear Sir , Dear Gentleman , Dear Madam . People can use the title of the receiver . For example , Dear friends of the library , Dear Madams and Sirs , Dear personnel officer , Dear Committee Member , Dear Agent , Dear Director .
The fifth one , try to acoid citing the quotations with man , men . If have to , here are some suggestions : Do not cite directely , but to explain the quotation . Sexist : W . Philips said : “ The best use of laws is to teach men to trample bad laws under their feet .” Revised : W . Philips suggested that the best use of laws is to trample bad ones under their feet . Besides, people can only cite part of the quotation . For example , W . Philips said the best use of laws was to teach people “to trample bad laws under their feet”.
The last one , make some modifications in phrases . For example , All men are created equal → All persons are created equal . Jack of all trades → persons of all trades , Man in the street → Person/Average/Ordinary person in the street , Good will to men → Good will to all .
4.2 The Way to Avoid Using Third Person Pronouns
To avoid the third person pronouns which will cause sexism . There are several ways : The first one , use the plural forms . For example , Sexist : When bathing a baby , never leave him unattended . Revised : When bathing a baby , never leave them unattended .
The second way , paraphrese the sentence with we/us/our . Sexist : From each according to his abilities , to each according his needs . Revised : From each of us according to our
abilities , to each of us according to our needs .
The third one , use the second person . Sexist : No man knows his true character until he has run out of gas , purchased something on the installment plan and raised an adolesent . Revised : You don’t know what your true character is until you have run out of gas , purchased something on the installment plan and raised an adolesent .
The forth one , use the passive voisce . Sexist : One who , when he has the choice of two evils , chooses both . Revised : One who , when given the choice of two evils , chooses both .
The fifth one , omit the pronouns . Sexist : What a person thinks of after he bees a departee ? Revised : What a person thinks of after being adepartee ?
The last method , use the s to replace them . Sexist : Can a critic give his opinion of an omelette without being asked to make one ? Revised : Can a critic give an opinion of an omelette without being asked to make one ?
5. Conclution
Language is the cell of the society . The sexism in English reflects the substituted statues of women and the descrimination against them . The sexism in English has close connections with cultural backgrounds , traditions and customs , religion and people’s phsychology . Sexism has been a kind of cultural feature in the development of English . It certainly will be a tough job to eliminate seism in English in a short time . Sexism has been popular and mon in peple’s mind for the domination of men in the society . To eliminate sexism drastically , the change of the language itself and the elimination of the sexist words and expressions are far from enough . The key to eliminate sexism in English is to eliminate the unequal statues between men and women in the society . People have to change the wrong idea that women are inferior to men and to raise women’s status in the society . Only when the sexism in the society has been eliminated , the sexism in English can be eliminated . Therefore , the elimination of sexism in English is a tough job and will cost a lot of time . The whole society have to do their best anf cooperate with each other .
References:
1. Eckert , P .and McConnell-Ginet , S .1992 .Communities of Practice : Where Language , Gender and Power All Live . Berkeley , CA : Berkeley Women and Language Group , University of California –Berkeley
2. Gumperz , J . Language and Social Identity . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .1982
3. Holy Bible . 1978 . Nashvill, Tennessee : National Publishing Companying , USA
4. Spender , Dale . Man Made Language [M] . London : Routledge and Kegan Paul ,1980
5. Wardhaugh , R . 1986 . An Introduction to Sociolingustics , New York
6. 戴炜栋,何兆熊. 《新编简明英语语言学教程》 上海:上海外语教育出版社,2002
7. 邓炎昌,胡文仲. 《语言与文化》北京:外语教学与研究出版社,1992
8. 刘丹. 英语中性别歧视现象及女权运动对它的影响[J] . 榆西学院学报,2002,(2)
9. 穆凤良,李秀萍. 英语中的性歧视与中性化 [J] . 《外语与外语教学》(大连外国语学院学报),1998(5):17-19
10. 王海杰 毕小栋.英语语言中的性别歧视现象及其成因初探.黑龙江教育学院学报,2006,(2)
作文八:《[优秀作文]美丽的歧视》400字
美丽的歧视
我有两个启蒙老师,其中一个便是曾老师。他是我的数学老师。他是我一、
二、三年级的数学老师。至今,有一件事深深刻在我的脑海里。
那是个温暖的下午,已经五点了,应该放学了。我是个很要面子的数学白痴,不及格已经是家常便饭了,吃惯了。因为我的数学太差,曾老师当着我的面打电话给老妈。你的孩子的数学太差了,根本不是学数学的料,谁教他准倒霉一辈子,命夜短几年啊哎,我看呀,长大后也不会有什么出息!曾老师这样说,我的心已经凉了一大半了,我喜欢的一位老师竟然这么说我,我确实有点伤心。这些话的确伤到我的心了。
我不要被别人看不起!于是我开始奋发图强拼命做题。就是这样,我的成绩狂升,从四十分升到了100分。十二次测验,7次100分。后来我才知道,原来曾老师是在演戏!妈妈说曾老师根本就没有打电话给她。
原来呀,他用这种方法激发我的斗志和我的无限动力,利用的就是我爱面子。让我的成绩好起来,我的美好前程就在曾老师此一举。
沙湾中心小学六年级:梁昊禹
作文九:《研究生英语作文性别歧视》1200字
Gender Discrimination In Job Hunting
As is known to all ,Gender discrimination is not unmon on the
present job market 。Although most of us agree that men and women
should enjoy equality in this modern society ,more often,females are
not regarded as equal as males in the petitive job market 。
The phenomenon involve three reasons, the first to blamed is traditional
conception ,it is believed that women should stay at home to focus on caring children and keeping house ,rather than pursuing
professional .Secondly ,It seems that women are less strong than men ,so they don't have the equal access to work even they have the same capability with men .last but not the least ,femals are generally thought troubles person ,so they can't concentrate all her mind and will on work .
The effect of gender discrimination are impinging on every aspect of the women's careers ,it has bee an urgent problem which stop our society from developing ,which is really a headache to the human right and harmonious society .So some step must be taken to solve the problem .It's no doubt that the conception should be changed that women have the same ability with men .The public as a whole shall join hand to fight against sexism.
作文十:《男女就业歧视问题英语作文》7600字
Jun 20, 2007
SUN WUKONG
By Wu Zhong, 中国 Editor
HONG KONG - While 中国 now suffers a shortage of talents and skilled workers in certain fields such as high technology, finance or management, the labor market in the country in general is still dictated by oversupply of labor given its huge working population. This enables employers to bee very picky in hiring workers by setting up various discriminatory requirements. And job discrimination is found not only in the private sector but among government departments and government-related institutions as well.
In August 2005, the Standing Committee of the National Peoples Congress, 中国s parliament, ratified the International Labor Organizations Discrimination (Employment and Occupation) Convention, 1958. But surveys last year and recent media reports show discrimination in employment still runs rampant in the country.
Between May and October 2006, Cai Dingjian, a professor with 中国 University of Political Science and Law, led a team to conduct a survey on job discrimination in 10 major Chinese cities - Beijing, Guangzhou, Nanjing, Wuhan, Shenyang, Xian, Chengdu, Zhengzhou, Yingchuan and Qingdao. The results show that discrimination in employment is a serious problem in 中国. Some 85.5% of the respondents said there is job discrimination, and more than half of all the interviewees said the discrimination is "very serious" or "considerably serious".
The poll finds that the most victimized are the disabled. About 22% of the disabled interviewees said their job applications had been turned down. Next are people with low education (18.7%) and then job-seekers who do not have local hukou or residency registration.
And employers do not hide their discrimination against the disabled, as 51.3% of the interviewed employers said that when they turn down job seekers for health reasons, they frankly say so to them.
More striking, 65.9% of the respondents say there is discrimination in the recruitment of civil servants. Excuses for the discrimination are low education (45%), absence of a local hukou (43%), disability (40.9%) and other health problems (40.7%).
"It may be reasonable for government departments to set education requirements for their employees. But it is by all means discrimination to require an applicant to have a local hukou. Does where one is from have anything to do with his or her capability to work in a government department?" Cai told the media when releasing the survey.
Moreover, he said it has been found that in some cases of civil-service recruitment there were discriminatory requirements regarding the applicants sex, height and appearance. "Many courts demand [that] applicants have dignified features, saying this is to show the dignity of the law. This is nonsense," he said. An ongoing court case serves a good illustration in this regard. .joozone.
Last June, the personnel and labor authority of Tiantai county, Zhejiang province, put
up a notice to recruit three clerks for the local court. Hu Binbin, a 24-year-old local woman who had been working in the court as a part-time clerk for three years, filed an application. She failed to pass the physical examination because she was a bit shorter than the 158 centimeters required by the court. Hu then filed a lawsuit with the county court against the personnel authority for job discrimination, as no law and regulation sets a requirement on height for a court clerk.
Hu lost her case in the first trial. She then appealed to the Intermediate Court of Taizhou city, whose jurisdiction covers Tiantai county. The court hearing was held this April and the court has yet to pass down its ruling.
If there is such serious job discrimination in government recruitment, it is not hard to imagine how rampant the malpractice is in the private sector. And not only ordinary laborers but university graduates now also suffer discrimination in employment.
The rapid expansion of higher education over the past decade has resulted in an oversupply of university graduates, particularly those in humanities, arts and social sciences. Official statistics show that nearly half of the graduates could not find jobs after graduation last year. As a result, university graduates, who used to be regarded as "sons and daughters of heaven" and who never worried about employment, now also suffer discrimination when they pete with one another for jobs. According to a survey co-sponsored by 中国 Central Television, 74% of job-seeking university graduates say they are discriminated against.
For university graduates, sexism is the most mon form of job discrimination. Employers normally prefer men to women when they have a choice. Another survey co-sponsored by Sina. showed that 60% of female graduates interviewed said they had more difficulty finding employment than their male petitors.
A boss of a trading pany in Shenzhen does not hide his sexist view, saying it is out of "practical concerns". "I prefer hiring male staffers. A female university graduate would soon get married after taking a job. Then she would get pregnant and give birth to a child, taking a long leave. Afterward her mind would be occupied with her baby and could hardly concentrate on her work even during office hours. Its troublesome. In contrast, a male employee normally would be more career-oriented," he said, declining to be named.
There are now even cases that job seekers from the one-child generation are discriminated against. A civil servant from Tianjin municipality plains that his only sons job application has been rejected by several large state-owned enterprises, which all say, "We dont consider single-child applicants." The reason? Single children born after 1980 are generally spoiled, are unable to endure hardships, and cannot get along with others.
"Such discrimination is openly defiant against the one-child policy, which is a national policy ba
cked up by law. The government must do something to stop such illegal practice," the civil servant said.
But since most youngsters in their 20s today are single children, how do these enterprises find employees? "They would look for university graduates from farmers families, as the one-child policy is not carried out to the letter in the countryside. And even a single child from a farmers family may be considered less spoiled," he said.
Job discrimination runs rampant because there is no legal protection for equal opportunity in employment. 中国s constitution stipulates, "Citizens enjoy equal right of employment." The Labor Law says, "Laborers enjoy equal right of employment and selection of jobs" and "Laborers shall not be discriminated against because of their ethnicity or religious beliefs." Except for such vague stipulations of principle, there is no detailed legislation on what should be banned as job discrimination.
中国s fast economic development over nearly three decades has greatly benefited from globalization. To cope, the country has been trying to adapt to international practices by ratifying international covenants and conventions such as the Discrimination (Employment and Occupation) Convention, 1958. But after signing and ratifying such documents, 中国 has rarely passed the necessary legislation for their implementation.
The International Labor Organization convention has a clear-cut definition of what constitutes job discrimination. If the Chinese government is serious about implementing the convention, it should work out detailed laws and regulations. Only in this way can the constitutional right of Chinese citizens to equal job opportunities be truly and fully protected.