作文一:《八年级上册国庆节作业》10500字
八年级上册第一单元复习
(侵略与抗争)
基础过关
1、中国近代史是一部屈辱史,旧民主主义革命时期列强对中国发动了四次侵略战争,使中
国逐步沦为半殖民地半封建社会。
后,签订《 》 ,使中国沦为双半社会;使中国的半殖民地化程度进一步加深; 后签订《 》, 加深了中国的半殖民地化程度;而 后签订《 》,则使中国 沦为了半殖民地半封建社会。但是中国近代史又是一部抗争
史,西方列强灭亡中国的梦想始终没有实现,就是因为中国人民的不断抗争,如领导虎门销
烟的民族英雄 ,黄海大战中为国捐躯的 ,收复新疆的 和农民阶级掀起的和
。 2、英国发动鸦片战争的根本原因是
;鸦片战争是中国的开端,主要依据是。
3、《南京条约》中最能体现英国发动鸦片战争目的的条款是 。
4、第二次鸦片战争是鸦片战争的继续,主要依据是两次战争的
和相同;在二鸦中,火烧圆明园,成为近代史上割占中国领土最多的国家。
5、中外反动势力勾结起来镇压中国革命始于,
该运动和义和团运动失败的客观原因相同,即 。
6、“大将筹边尚未还,湖湘子弟满天山。…….”颂扬的是晚清名将收复的爱国
壮举。 7、甲午中日战争中北洋舰队全军覆灭于。
8、《马关条约》中严重阻碍中国民族资本主义发展的条款是
,该条款反映了资本主义国家进入 阶段的新特点。
9、八国联军侵华战争和以往战争的最大不同点是
。 10、近代史上赔款最多的条约是《 》,条约中最能体现清政府完全成为帝国主义统治中
国工具的条款是
。 11、旧民主主义革命时期,列强两次打进北京的战争是
和。
1、洋务运动的领导阶级是,代表人物有_________、__________ 等。 2、内容:①前期以“”为口号,创办”为口号,兴办业。③70年代中期开始筹划海防,建立三支海军。④60年代开始开创近代____________,培
养外交和翻译人才。
3、洋务派的根本目的__________________,洋务运动失败的标志___________________________。洋务运动失败的根本原因
_________________________________。洋务运动的最大功绩。 4、“,的建立,标志着维新派的政治团体形成。戊戌变法最突出的历史功绩是,失败的根本原因是 ,客观原因是
。
4.(2013·湖南常德卷·5)学习历史,必须分清哪些是史实,哪些是观点。下列各项中属于观点的表是( ) A.《南京条约》 B.1900年八国联军发动侵华战争 C.1898年百日维新 D.中国近代史是一部中华民族的抗争史 【答案】D 9.(2013·广东卷·8)题8图提供的信息与中英《南京条约》主要内容相符的是( ) ①割让香港岛给英国 ②赔款2100万元 ③开放广州等城市为通商口岸 ④英商进出口货物缴纳的税款,中国须同英国商定 A.①② B.②③ C.①③ D.②④ 题8图 【答案】C 12.(2013·湖南长沙卷·17)陈旭麓在《近代中国的新陈代谢》中指出:“这场战争,自西方人1514年到中国起,是他们积325年窥探之后的一逞。对于中国人来说,这场战争是一块界碑,它铭刻着中世纪古老的社会在炮口逼迫下赶往近代的最初的一步。”这场战争对中国的影响是( )
A.使中国开始沦为半殖民地半封建社会
B.开启了中国的近代化进程
C.使中国完全沦为半殖民地半封建社会 D.推翻了中国的封建制度 【答案】A
3.(2013·湖南株洲卷·24) “大将西征人未还,湖湘子弟满天山。新栽杨柳三千里,赢得春风度玉关。”诗歌赞颂的是左宗棠收复和开发( ) A.西藏 B.新疆 C.蒙古 D.甘肃
2.(2013·辽宁大连卷·20) 1840年爆发的鸦片战争,打开了中国的大门,侵略者纷至沓来,强迫清政府签订了《南京条约》《马关条约》《辛丑条约》等一系列不平等条约。以下对条约的分析正确的是( )
①《南京条约》使列强的侵略由沿海深入到内陆 ②《马关条约》打击了中国民族工业
③《辛丑条约》使清王朝的内政外交受洋人控制
④三个条约的签订都使中国的国家主权和领土完整遭到破坏 A.①② B.②④ C.②③ D.②③④ 【答案】C
7.(2013·安徽省·4)下列《辛丑条约》的内容最能直接反映《扯线木偶》漫画寓意的是
( )
A.清政府拆毁大沽炮台 B.清政府赔偿白银4.5亿两 C.清政府划定东交民巷为使馆界 D.清政府严禁人民参加反帝活动 【答案】D
11.(2013·湖南常德卷·7)1905年,北京城一茶馆里有四位当地
居民在聊天,张三说:“我看见谭嗣同赴法场。”李四说:“我参加过义和团。”王五说:“我读过《民报》。”赵六说:“我家住在东交民巷。”你认为他们中谁说了谎( ) A.张三 B.李四 C.王五 D.赵六
【答案】D
1.(2013·湖南常德·14)19世纪60年代至90年代的洋务运动虽然没能达到解除内忧外患、实现富国强兵的目的,但在客观上推动了中国的近代化。洋务运动中客观刺激了中国民族资本主义产生和发展的措施是( )
A.引进西方先进科学技术,创办一批近代企业 B.创办京师大学堂地,“中西并用”“广育人才” C.修建京张铁路,废除科举制度 D.创办大生纱厂,提供引进外资 【答案】A
3.(2013·湖北鄂州·11)两千多年前,古罗马哲学家西塞罗说:“谁控制了海洋,谁就控制了世界。”中国近代海军最早创建于( ) A.洋务运动时期
B.甲午战争时期 C.鸦片战争时期
D.第二次鸦片战争时期
4.(2013·江苏盐城·10)洋务运动被看作是中国近代化实践的起点,这个观点成立的最主要理由是( )
A.它主张学习西方先进的生产技术 B.它结束了两千多年的封建帝制 C.它创办了一批机器大生产的工业 D.它启发着人们追求民主和科学
5.(2013·河南·2)下列历史人物中,既在军事上捍卫了国家主权,又兴办工业推动了近代化进程的是( )
A.谭嗣同 B.詹天佑 C.左宗棠 D.邓世昌
11.(2013·广东佛山·7)唐老师说:我们往往抛开近代历史的复杂性,对统治阶级阵营中的许多政要人物与国家建树之材,一如像李鸿章那样面对“数千年来未有之变局”而坚持“师夷之长技”,力求摆脱困局的历史人物,缺乏一点“同情的了解”与尊重。唐老师认为
( )
A.李鸿章是很复杂的历史人物 B.我们都应该同情、尊重每一个历史人物 C.李鸿章是爱国者 D.认识历史人物应有鲜明的阶级立场 【答案】C
12.(2013·湖南常德·6)十九世纪六七十年代,中国近代化的核心内容是( )
A.学习西方的科学技术 B.学习西方的政治制度 C.学习西方的生活方式 D.学习西方的思想文化 【答案】A
2.(2013·内蒙古包头·3)下列关于戊戌变法影响的叙述,正确的是( ) A.出现了中国第一批近代企业 B.在社会上起到了思想启蒙的作用 C.使民主共和观念深入人心
D.为马克思主义在中国的传播创造了条件
3.(2013·河北·12)“百日维新”期间,光绪皇帝允许创办报纸,并且说:报纸“宣国是而达民情,必须官为提倡”,“各报体例,自应以胪陈(陈述)利弊,开广见闻为主,中外时事,均许据实昌言,不必意存忌讳。”光绪皇帝此举( ) A.开启了工业化序幕 B.倡导了出版、言论自由 C.动摇了封建专制制度 D.使民主共和观念深入人心
7.(2013·山东德州·6)史学家陈旭麓认为:“民族的反思,是在遭遇极大的困难中产生的。一百多年来,中华民族的第一次反思是在鸦片战争后,渐知诸事不如人,只有学习西方。第二次则是反思何以学了西方仍然失败。”其中“第二次反思”开始于( ) A.经济技术方面的探索 B.政治制度方面的探索 C.思想文化方面的探索 D.军事强国方面的探索 【答案】B
5.(2013·江西·5)改革势必触动部分人的利益,难免遭遇阻力,困难重重。戊戌变法中有一项改革措施涉及“数百翰林、数千进士、数万举人、数十万秀才和数百万童生”的荣誉和进身之道。该措施是( ) A.奖励发明 B.废除八股 C .精减机构 D.裁汰冗员 【答案】B
10.(2013·广东佛山·8)有资料记载:新政措施颁行后,山西省成立了府务局,负责承办全省的矿务、铁路,还集股白银45万两开设纺纱、织布厂,引入机器生产。材料说明维新变法( )
A.一定程度上推动了地方近代产业的发展 B.促进了人们的思想启蒙
C.法令在山西落实得最好 D.促使中国开始引入机器生产 【答案】A
9.【2015永州】晚清政府曾收到某地民众的一份公告,公告称:“??百姓无依,惟有
死守,据为岛国,遥戴皇灵??图固守以待转机。”该公告反映的历史事件与地点对应正确的是【C】
A.鸦片战争——香港 B.第二次鸦片战争——库页岛 C.甲午战争——台湾D.郑成功收复台湾——钓鱼岛
6.【2015盐城】下列是清政府与列强签订的不平等条约中有关赔款的规定【C】
①赔款2100万元②赔偿白银4.5亿两③赔偿日本军费白银2亿两。其签订的先后顺序排列正确的是
A、①②③ B.③②① C.①③② D.②①③ 3.【2015包头】不列颠的枪炮使洋务派深刻认识到:“自强之道,以育人才为本;求才之道,尤宜以设学堂为先”,因此洋务派在各地创办外语学堂和军事技术学堂。这些洋务学堂的创办【D】
A.促进民族资本主义的发展 B.抵制外国经济势力的入侵 C.建立起先进的工业化体系 D.推动中国教育近代化进程 6.【2015黔东南】下列是一组关于中国近代历史的图片,与这组图片内容相吻合的主题是(A)
A.洋务运动的开展 B.中国民主资本主义的发展
C.外国资本主义扩张 D.社会主义国营企业的建立
【2015佛山】6.据资料统计,从1862—1894年这30余年中,李鸿章所主办和参与筹办的“新政”事业占中国这一时期举办的全部新政的80%以上,其范围包括军火、采矿、民用,此外还举办新式学校。李鸿章“新政”事业的主题是【B】 A.废除八股取士,举办新式教育 B.发展近代产业,抵御外侮
C.引进先进技术,兴办民族工业 D.学习西方思想,改变传统习俗 32.【2015娄底】 “自鸦片战争以来,中国就不断有人做着各种各样的西方梦:梦想有西方的坚船利炮,梦想有西方的新型工业,梦想有西方的民主制度??”
。下列属于追求“西
方新型工业”梦想的历史事件是【B】
A.太平天国运动 B.洋务运动 C.戊戌变法 D.新文化运动
6.【2015苏州】汪林茂在《层次递进的晚清三次新政》中评论某一历史事件时说:“其最大的意义并不是产生了‘自强’的效用,而是在古老的封建主义的‘体’上撕开了一道口子,开动了近(现)代化的这辆列车。”据此可见,他认为【A】
A.洋务运动的进步作用主要体现在开辟了近代化道路 B.戊戌变法冲击了陈旧腐朽的旧文化,具有启蒙意义 C.辛亥革命乃是中国社会近代化进程中显著的里程碑 D.反帝爱国的五四运动是中国新民主主义革命的开端
5.【2015盐城】据《李鸿章传》记载,李鸿章因为洋务被天下世俗功利之人崇拜。下列企业中,与李鸿章被崇拜有关的是【C】
①安庆内军械所②江南制造总局③汉阳铁厂④轮船招商局⑤湖北织布局 A、①③ B.②⑤ C.②④ D.③⑤ 15.【2015鄂州】 “女学生已经开始觉悟,抵制学校开设的‘列女传’。在操场的树荫下,在宿舍里,他们常常聚在一起,争得面红耳赤,后来由争论变成抗婚、逃婚,以实际行动反抗旧礼教,争取婚姻自由。”这则材料反映的是【C】
A.维新思想开始传播B.民主共和思想深入人心
C.民主科学思想冲击封建礼教D.近代学校开设修身课程 6.【2015益阳】19世纪,在中国近代化探索的历程中,国人相继走过了自救之路、维新之路,但都没有完成反帝、反封建的历史使命,探索之路任重道远。此文中“自救之路”、“维新之路”分别是指【C】
A.洋务运动、辛亥革命B.新文化运动、五四运动 C.洋务运动、戊戌变法D.五四运动、戊戌变法 4.【2015包头】 “生产之要素有三:曰土地,曰劳力,曰资本。我国土地劳力皆胜居优,惟苦乏资本??故利用外资,诚为中国今日生计政策之最妙法门”。在此,梁启超着重强调【C】
A.发展工业以工立国 B.发展商业争夺市场 C.引进外资发展生产 D.学习西方君主立宪
二.材料解析题19.(2013·四川宜宾·12)“知西来大势,识外国文明,想效法自强”,
透过李鸿章洋务历程,体验洋务自强的艰辛。阅读下列材料,回答下列各题。(10分) 材料一:李鸿章正是在上海战场亲眼目睹了西洋火器的威力后,才从一个传统的中国士人,转变为西方技术的终身信徒。他在寄给老师曾国藩的信函中自信地写道:“炮力所穿,无孔不入……西洋炸炮,战守攻具,天下无敌”。
——摘自《外国人评点李鸿章》
(1)根据材料一指出李鸿章学习西方技术的直接原因是什么?(2分) 材料二:李鸿章在洋务运动中主要活动一览表
中李鸿章其它方面的强国举措。(2分)
材料三:创办轮船招商局使“内江外海之利,不致为洋人尽占”,三年多时间,外轮损失一千三百多万两(白银),美国旗昌行不堪赔累,被招商局归并。??中国资本能挫败洋商,这在当时曾被视为“创建之事”。
——摘自《中国历史八年级上册教师教学用书》(3)根据材料三概括轮船招商局在经济方面起到的作用。(1分)
材料四:李鸿章办了多年洋务之后,在给曾国藩的信中写道:“惟中国政体,官与民、内与外均难合一??抑实不如日本。” 后来,曾为洋务运动旗帜的江南制造总局,被日军侵占,更名为“三菱重工株式会社江南造船所”。
——摘自《外国人评点李鸿章》(4)根据材料四分析洋务运动没有使中国走向富强的原因有哪些?(2分) (5)根据以上材料并结合所学知识,从近代化角度简要评价李鸿章。(1分)
【答案】(1)亲眼目睹了西洋火器在战争中的作用。(或“见识了西洋火器的威力”等意思相近的表述也可给分)(2分)
(2)军事工业:江南机器制造局;(1分)民用企业:轮船招商局或上海机器织布局;(1
分)
点即得满分。)
17.(2013·四川内江卷·21)历史推论离不开对史实的正确解读。下列推论中不符合史实的是( ) 【答案】A
20.(2013·广东佛山卷·6)美国学者杰明·艾尔曼说:(鸦片战争)对中国国内影响不是太大,只限于广东一带,当时的问题是太平天国,大概几百万中国人死去,中国的经济中心江南一带都乱了,??把清朝的元气消耗得很厉害,导致国力衰减。此材料说明艾尔曼
创办学校,派遣留学生,培养近代人才。(意思相近的表述也可给分)(1分)
(3)抵制了外国经济势力的扩张(答“吞并美国旗昌行”“同外国经济势力展开竞争” 等意思相近的表述也可给分)(2分)
(4)原因:中国封建制度落后(答“惟中国政体落后”、“没有触动封建制度”等意思相近的表述也可给分);日本等列强的侵略(答 “日军侵占”“外国侵略”也可给分)。(2分) (5)中国近代化的先驱(“开启了中国近代化步伐”“近代学习西方技术的先驱”“创办了中国第一批近代企业” 等意思相近的表述也可给分)(1分)
( )
A.否定鸦片战争是中国历史的转折点 B.认为太平天国导致了清朝的灭亡 C.抹杀了英国发动鸦片战争的侵略本质 D.颂扬太平天国是反封建的革命运动
21.(2013·湖北孝感卷·49)(16分)21世纪是被世界各国公认的海洋世纪。海洋与中国历史发展命运之间有密切的关系。阅读下列材料,回答问题。
材料一 1405—1433年,船队先后七次下西洋,到过亚非30多个国家和地区……船队先后带去大量中国瓷器、铜器、铁器和精美的丝织品,同时也换回了亚非各国的许多物产,如胡椒、象牙、宝石、香料等……船队所到之处,受到各国的热情接待……西洋各国也纷纷遣使来华。
18.(2013·山东聊城·32)阅读下列材料:
19世纪60年代开始的这场……自强运动还是给中国的窗户开了一条缝,风的确是吹进来了,也奠定了中国工业的一个初步基础,让中国人看到了什么是西方工业。
——张鸣《重说中国近代史》
请回答:
(1)材料中的“自强运动”是指什么?(1分)这场运动的代表人物主要有谁?(2分) (2)这场“自强运动”给中国工业奠定的初步基础表现在哪里?(3分)
【答案】(1)运动:洋务运动。(1分)代表人物:曾国藩、李鸿章、左宗棠、张之洞、奕诉。(2分。每个人物1分,答出其中两个人物即得满分。)
(2)基础:引进西方的机器设备;引进了西方科学技术;培养了技术工人;创办了第一批近代企业;创办了新式学堂;刺激了民族资本主义发展。(3分。每点1分,答出其中三
——岳麓版七年级《中国历史》下册
(1)材料一中描述的历史事件是什么?(1分)根据材料回答此事的历史意义。(2分) 【答案】郑和下西洋。(1分)意义:促进了我国与亚非各国的经济文化交流和友好往来。(2分)
材料二 从一定意义上说,一部中国近代史就是一部列强侵略中国的历史,更是一部列强从海上侵略中国并频频得手的历史。
——《海权与近代中国的历史命运》
1894年9月,黄海风云突变。……几乎不约而同的,美国、法国、英国、德国和俄国的军舰都聚集在这里,等待集体观摩一场影响东亚,乃至整个世界历史进程的殊死搏斗。……这是世界历史上第一次上演的蒸汽铁甲舰队之间的决战,交战的双方分别是大清
朝的北洋水师和日本的联合舰队。 ——记录片《走向海洋》
(2)根据材料二并结合所学知识列举近代史上列强从沿海侵入中国的战争。(4分)材料二中英、法等国集体观摩一场“殊死搏斗”是哪一次战役?(1分)此次战役中涌现的民族英雄身上有哪些优良品质值得我们学习?(2分)
【答案】鸦片战争、第二欠鸦片战争、甲午中日战争、八国联军侵华战争。(答对一点给1分,满分4分)黄海大战。(或甲午海战) (1分)反抗侵略、不怕牺牲。等等。(2分)(言之有理,符合题意即可)
材料三 李鸿章以变局观分析了中国已面对着“数千年未有之强敌”,指出中国海防的重点为“大沽、北塘、山海关一带”,主张“防敌兵沿海登岸,是外海水师铁甲船与守口大炮铁船的重任”。他分析了福建、上海二局造船的情况,认为“派中国学生、工匠赴国外学习是当务之急”。
——《论清政府筹办海防》
(3)根据材料三并结合所学知识回答19世纪60—90年代清政府为加强海防采取的措施。(3分)
【答案】措施:创办福州船政局和上海轮船招商局;建立新式海军;派人出国留学,培养海军人才。(答对一点给1分,满分3分)
材料四 21世纪在我国实施海洋战略,具有现实必要性和可行性。中国是世界人口的大国,陆地究竟不足,资源有限,海洋是今后可持续发展的最后究竟。台湾问题的和平解决,必须依赖强大的海就此力量作为后盾。中国自北向南,完全处于由岛链形成的关闭海状态,没有强大的军力量,就无法保证安全的出海通道。
——《关于21世纪我国东部大海洋战略的思考》
(4)根据材料四指出新时期我国加强海军建设的重要意义?(3分)
【答案】意义:开发洋洋资源,促进中国经济发展;和平解决台湾问题;保障海洋通道安全,维护国家利益。(答对一点给1分,满分3分)
23.(2013·福建泰宁·26)中国近代史既是一部屈辱史,又是一部探索史、抗争史。阅读材料,结合所学知识,回答下列有关问题。(12分)
材料一
图一:签订《南京条约》 图二:签订《辛丑条约》
材料二 鸦片战争以来,先进的中国人倡言学习西方,主张转变思想,更新观念,实现政治民主化和法制化,并为此进行了艰苦卓绝的努力。
——《中国历史十五讲》
(1)材料一两个条约的签订,分别对中国社会发展的历程有何影响?(4分) 【答案】《南京条约》的签订,使中国开始沦为半殖民地半封建社会;(2分)《辛丑条约》的签订,使中国完全沦为半殖民地半封建社会。(2分)
(2)“学习西方”——洋务派为“自强”“求富”分别进行了怎样的实践活动?(3分) 【答案】以“自强”为口号,创办了一批近代军事工业(答出安庆内军械所、江南制造总局、福州船政局其中的一项同样给分);(2分) 以“求富”为口号,开办了一些民用工业(答出轮船招商局、汉阳铁厂、湖北织布局其中的一项同样给分)。(1分)
(3)“转变思想,更新观念”——中国进步的知识分子陈独秀、李大钊等掀起了一场什么运动?运动中举起了哪两面大旗?(3分) 【答案】新文化运动;民主、科学(3分)
(4)面对中国人民的不懈探索和抗争,说说你的感想。(2分)
【答案】我们要学习和继承前辈的光荣传统,为中华民族的伟大复兴而努力;努力学习,振兴中华;等等。
.(2013·湖北十堰卷·31)【材料解析 10分】
材料一:1871年11月日本政府派出以岩仓具视为首,包括大久保利通、伊藤博文等人的大型考察团出访欧美,对欧美10多个国家的政治、外交、法律、军事、经济、文教等情况进行了认真考察。考察团提出的“殖产兴业”、“富国强兵”、“文明开化”三大政策被奉为日本建国的指导方针。
13
材料二:第二次鸦片战争结束后,面对内忧外患的形势,清政府内部以曾国藩、李鸿章等为代表的地主阶级认为“中国文武制度,事事远出西人之上,独火器万不能及”。[来源:学.科.网]
材料三:第二次世界大战结束,日本投降,日本割占中国的大部分领土归还中国,但琉球归属权未定。……1970年至1971年,美国又将琉球和钓鱼岛一起交给日本,触发全球华人第一次保钓运动。中日建交后,双方同意暂时搁置钓鱼岛主权问题。[来源:学#科#网Z#X#X#K]
阅读材料,依据所学知识,回答下列问题:
(1)材料一反映了日本历史上的哪次改革?(1分)这次改革对日本产生了哪些重大影响?(2分)
【答案】明治维新。(1分)摆脱民族危机,走上资本主义发展道路;跻身西方资本主义列强行列,走上对外侵略道路。(2分)
(2)依据材料二,19世纪60年代以后清政府内部实行的一场自救运动是什么?(1分)结合材料一,概括日本和中国在学习西方内容上的主要特点。(2分)
【答案】洋务运动。(1分)日本从政治、经济、军事、外交等全方位向西方学习;中国洋务派只是学习西方的科学技术。(2分)
(3)19世纪90年代中日之间进行了一场较量,结果签订了哪一丧权辱国的条约?(1分)清政府割让哪些领土给日本?(1分)
【答案】《马关条约》。(1分)割辽东半岛、台湾、澎湖列岛给日本。(1分),(必须答出台湾、澎湖列岛两条方可得1分)
(4)目前中日两国因钓鱼岛问题产生摩擦。你认为两国应如何妥善解决这一摩擦?(2分)【答案】中方:坚决维护领土主权,争取和平协商解决,不排除使用武力;日方:尊重历史、正视现实,以史为鉴、面向未来。(2分)(其它说法符合题意亦可) 23.(2013·海南·21)阅读材料:(12分) 材料一
江南制造总局 上海轮船招商局 第一批赴美留学生 北洋水师(定远号)
材料二 1895年后,李鸿章伤感地反省,说:“我办了一辈子的事,练兵也,海军也,都是纸糊的老虎……不过勉强涂饰,虚有其表”
材料三 李鸿章因为洋务,被天下的读书人唾骂,也因为洋务,被天下的世俗功利之人崇拜,而我之所以推崇他,责备他、惋惜他,也是因为洋务……
李鸿章出生以来,实为中国与世界发生密切关系的时代,也是中国与世界各国交流艰难的时代。
——梁启超《李鸿章传》
请回答:
1)材料一中李鸿章等洋务派的作为主要涉及哪些领域?(3分)
军事、经济、教育。(1点1分,满分3分)(办军事工业、办民用工业、派遣留学生,培养人才;建海军等,亦可得3分)
2)材料二中李鸿章如此“伤感”的原因是什么?(2分)
①甲午战争失败,洋务运动破产;②洋务运动没有使国家富强起来;③洋务运动的目的没有实现;④甲午战争失败,北洋水师全军覆没;⑤甲午战争失败,签订《马头条约》,丧权辱国。说明:只要答出以上任意一点,即可得满分2分。)
3)材料三中读书人、世俗功利之人和梁启超对李鸿章分别是什么评价?(3分)
①读书人:唾骂李鸿章;②世俗功利之人:崇拜李鸿章;③梁启超:推崇、责备、惋惜李鸿章。(1点1分,满分3分)
4)综合上述材料和所学知识,你认为应该怎样正确评价历史人物?(4分) ①结合历史人物所处的时代背景与社会条件来进行评价;(2分)
②史论结合,论从史出;运用辩证唯物主义观点,全面、科学、客观地进行评价;一分为二的观点等等。(1点2分,满分2分)
(【答案】(【答案】(【答案】(【答案】
作文二:《生物八年级上册国庆节假期作业》5700字
生物国庆节假期作业, 按要求背诵, 每日一节, 开学后检查
9月30日 第一节 花的结构和类型
1、花的基本结构:一朵完整的花包括:花柄、花托、花萼、花冠、雌蕊和雄蕊等六个部分以上部分都具备的花叫完全花,缺少其中一部分或几部分的花叫不完全花。
2、花是由花芽发育而来的,花的结构: 花柄 支持、输导、连接作用
花托 着生花的各部分,支持作用。
花被 萼片 保护花的内部结构,
花瓣 吸引昆虫传粉
雄蕊
花丝:支持花药
柱头:接受花粉
雌蕊花柱:连接子房和柱头 花的
子房 外有子房壁 主要部分
内有胚珠产生卵细胞
3、花的主要结构:雄蕊和雌蕊 (原因:与果实和种子形成有直接关系)
4、花的类型. :(分类及依据):
根据雄蕊和雌蕊的有无,花可以分为两性花和单性花。
两性花:一朵花中同时具有雄蕊和雌蕊的花,如桃花、百合花等。
单性花:一朵花中只有雄蕊或只有雌蕊的花,如黄瓜花、丝瓜花、杨花、柳花 雌花:一朵花中只有雌蕊的花 雄花:一朵花中只有雄蕊的花
雌雄同株植物(如黄瓜、玉米) 雌雄异株植物 (如柳、杨、菠菜)
根据花的着生情况 , 可分为 单生花和花序(复生花)。
单生花:每一朵花单独着生在茎上,较大。如:桃花 、月季花
花序:每一朵花按一定次序着生在变形的花托即花轴上,每一朵花较小,组成花序后较明显,有利于传粉。如:菊花、向日葵。
【注意】通常说的“菊花”,在生物学上不是一朵花,而是由许多朵花组成的一个花序。
10月1日 第二节 传粉与受精
1. 传粉:花开以后,花粉从花药里散发出来落到雌蕊柱头上的过程。
方式 自花传粉:一朵花的花粉落到同一朵花的柱头上。如小麦、水稻、豌豆
异花传粉:一朵花的花粉落到另一朵花的柱头上。如鼠尾草、玉米等
风媒花:具有艳丽的花冠,芳香的花香,甜美的花蜜(如桃花)
虫媒花:没有艳丽的色彩,芳香的气味,花粉多而轻(如玉米)
2、人工授粉:目的:弥补自然传粉的不足
操作要领:去雄:防止自花传粉的发生;去雄后套袋:防止其他花粉的干扰;透明袋:保证呼吸作用的正常进行;
关键步骤:人工授粉时,一定要将花粉涂在柱头上 。
3、受精过程: (受精作用发生的部位是 胚珠)
1
2)花粉管穿过柱头和花柱,进入子房,通过珠孔进入胚珠内部。
3)
3 双受精现象:这是绿色开花植物(被子植物)特有的受精方式。
一个精子与卵细胞结合形成受精卵,另一个精子与两个极核结合形成受精极核。
4. 有性生殖:两性生殖细胞结合为受精卵,由受精卵发育为新个体。
【注意】只有同种植物的花粉才能萌发,完成受精作用。
10月2日 第三节 果实和种子的形成
1.
花柱和柱头
凋落
雌蕊 子房壁 果皮 子房 珠被 种皮 果实
胚珠 受精卵 胚 种子
受精极核 胚乳
【注意】果实里种子的数目是由每个子房内胚珠的数目决定的。
2. 区分果实和种子:果实必须由果皮和种子构成,没有果皮不能叫果实。
常见果实:花生、小麦、玉米、豆角、黄瓜、向日葵、西瓜、苹果、桃、梨等
常见种子:花生米、大豆、绿豆、西瓜子、南瓜子等
3、种子的结构和功能:
种子的基本结构是
胚乳不属于胚。
比较菜豆种子和玉米种子的异同:
种皮③:保护作用
大胚根②:发育成根
豆胚胚轴①:发育成连接根和茎的部分
胚芽④:发育成茎和叶
子叶⑤:为种子的萌发提供营养
果皮和种皮⑥:保护作用
胚根⑨:发育成根
玉胚胚轴⑧:发育成连接根和茎的部分
米胚芽⑦:发育成茎和叶
子叶⑾:为种子的萌发提供营养
4. 种子中贮存营养物质的结构是 子叶或胚乳。
大豆、花生无胚乳,营养物质贮存在子叶中;
玉米、水稻有胚乳,营养物质贮存于胚乳中。
10月3日 第七节 植物的无性生殖
1、无性生殖:不经过两性生殖细胞的结合,由母体直接产生新个体的生殖方式。
主要有分裂生殖、出芽生殖、营养生殖等类别。 分裂生殖在单细胞生物中较普遍,如细菌、草履虫等。出芽生殖主要掌握两种生物:酵母菌和水螅。
2、营养繁殖:植物的无性生殖方式,是用根、茎、叶等营养器官进行繁殖的方式。
优点:保持亲本的优良性状。 应用:扦插、嫁接、压条
扦插: 杨、柳、葡萄、月季、蔷薇等
嫁接 :苹果、梨、桃
压条: 桂花、石榴、藏报春等
3. 嫁接 接穗---接上去的芽或枝 砧木----被接的植物体
嫁接的种类: 根据接穗不同,分为芽接和枝接
嫁接成活的关键:使接穗和砧木的形成层紧密结合在一起
成功后性状表现:接穗成活,嫁接后表现为接穗的性状
例 右图为嫁接过程示意图,图中所示的嫁接的类型是 。
结构A 的名称是 ,结构B 的名称是 。在嫁接时, 要用麻绳或塑料条捆紧扎好,目的是使接穗与砧木的 紧密结合。
4. 植物组织培养:在无菌的条件下,将植物的茎尖、茎段、叶片等切成小块,培养在特定的培养基上,通过细胞的增值和分化,使它逐渐发育成完整的植物体。
原理:植物细胞的全能性 或 无性生殖。
优点:1)在短时间内大批培养植物新个体,)防止植物病毒的危害
【注意】有性生殖和无性生殖的本质区别在于是否有两性生殖细胞的结合,即是否有受精卵的形成。如水稻的播种育秧属于有性生殖,因为种子中的胚是由受精卵发育而来的
10月4日 第二节 两栖动物的生殖和发育
1.
2.
3. 蛙的生殖行为: 雌雄抱对: 提高精子和卵细胞在体外结合的几率。
【注意】受精卵上面颜色深,有利于受精卵的发育。
4. 青蛙的发育过程:受精卵 → 蝌蚪 → 幼蛙 → 成蛙
①四肢与尾的变化:长出后肢 → 长出前肢 → 尾变短、消失
②呼吸器官的变化:外 鳃 → 内 鳃 → 肺
③运动方式的变化:蝌蚪——游泳;青蛙——跳跃、游泳。
5. 两栖动物的陆地上,主要用 肺 呼吸,皮肤辅助呼吸。常见两栖动物有蝾螈、大鲵、青蛙、蟾蜍等。
【注意】①两栖动物的生殖和幼体发育必须在水中进行,从而要保护它们生存的水域环境,因此两栖动物还不是真正的陆生脊椎动物。 ②不能将两栖动物简单理解为既能水生又能陆生的动物,如乌龟、鳄鱼、鸭子、鹅等都不是两栖动物。
10月5日 第一节 婴儿的诞生
1. 生殖的含义:产生新个体,延续种族。
2.人的生殖系统分为男性生殖系统和女性生殖系统。
1)男性生殖系统的结构和功能:
睾丸:男性主要的性器官,产生精子和分泌雄性激素
内生殖器 附睾:位于睾丸的背面,贮存和输送精子
输精管:输送精子
精囊腺和前列腺:分泌黏液
外生殖器 阴囊:保护睾丸和附睾
阴茎和尿道:排精、排尿
2)女性生殖系统的结构和功能:
卵巢: 女性主要的性器官,产生卵细胞和分泌雌性激素
内生殖器 输卵管:输送卵细胞,受精的场所
子宫: 胚胎发育的场所
阴道: 月经流出,胎儿产出的通道
外生殖器:即外阴
练习:1. 生殖系统中最重要的器官是 ,功能是 。
2.
胚胎和胎儿发育的场所(或受精卵植入的部位)是 。
3. 精 子:雄性生殖细胞,小,似蝌蚪,有长尾,能游动
卵细胞:雌性生殖细胞,球形,人体内最大的细胞,细胞质中的卵黄含丰富营养
受精作用: 精子与卵细胞结合的过程。 (发生的场所在输卵管)
受精卵: 精子与卵细胞结合形成的细胞。 (受精卵是新生命的起点)
节育措施:结扎输精管或输卵管。 目的:阻碍精卵结合为受精卵。
结扎后,不会影响睾丸和卵巢的功能,只是不能生殖后代。
4. .胚胎的发育和营养:
1)发育: 发育场所:初期在输卵管内;随后,在母体子宫内继续发育40周。
精子
细胞分裂 细胞分裂分化 继续发育 分娩
婴儿 卵细胞
在输卵管内发育 在母体子宫内发育40周
受精卵通过细胞分裂发育成胚泡,胚泡移到子宫内,在子宫内膜种植下来,称为怀孕。 胚泡继续细胞分裂和分化,发育成胚胎。
怀孕后8周左右,胚胎发育成胎儿,呈现出人的形态。
胎儿发育成熟后,从母体阴道产出,这个过程叫做分娩。
2)营养:胚胎发育初期所需要的营养来自卵黄;
胚胎在子宫里的发育所需要的营养通过胎盘从母体获得。
3废物排到母体血液里,再由母体排出体外,怀孕时间约40周(280天)。成熟的胎儿从母体的阴道产出的过程叫做分娩。分娩过程的结束标志着婴儿的诞生。
②男女之间在第一性征上的主要区别是生殖器官的不同。这是区别人类性别的主要依据。 第二性征不包括生殖器官。 ③月经形成原因 与卵巢和子宫内膜的周期性变化有关
10月6日第一节 遗传的物质基础
1、遗传的概念:生物学上把后代与其亲代相似的现象叫做遗传。
遗传的本质:亲代的遗传物质传递给子代。
2、遗传的控制中心是细胞核。
【实验分析】 1)伞藻嫁接实验:说明伞帽的形状是由细胞核内的遗传物质控制的。
2)幼鼠体色和提供细胞核的亲本相同是因为:控制体色的遗传信息即基因
存在于细胞核中,细胞核是由棕鼠提供的,所以幼鼠体色是棕色的。
3、染色体、DNA 、基因都是遗传物质,DNA 是生物的主要遗传物质。
染色体(细胞核内有能被碱性染料染成深色的物质)在生物的传种接代中具有重要作用。 特点:同种生物的体细胞内都含有数目相同、形态相似的染
色体。
成分:包括蛋白质和DNA ,其中DNA 是生物的主要遗传物质。
结构:双螺旋结构
4、DNA 上有许多与遗传相关的片段叫基因。基因控制生物
的性状。
5. 每条染色体上通常含有一个DNA 分子,每个DNA 分子包
含许多基因。
6、遗传物质之间的关系:(见右图)
第二节 人类染色体与性别决定
1. 女 。女性产生一种含生两种数量相等含X 或Y 染色体的精子,与卵细胞结合机会相同。生男生女机会均等。 注意 体细胞内染色体 男性: 22对常染色体+XY(或44条常染色体+XY)
的表示方法 女性: 22对常染色体+XX(或44条常染色体+XX) 生殖细胞中染色体
精子: 22条常染色体+X 或 22条常染色体+Y 的表示方法 卵细胞: 22条常染色体+X
染色体分为常染色体和性染色体。当解答染色体问题时,不要忘记常染色体
2. 性状的遗传是亲代通过 一对基因位于同一对染色体的相同位置上,会随染色体
的分开而分离
染色体和基因不成对 (成对的染色体分别进入两个生殖细胞)
3. 生男生女取决于与卵细胞结合的精子的类型。
练习 1. 人的体细胞中有23对染色体,精子中有 条染色体,卵细胞中有 条染色体,受精卵中有 条染色体, 肌肉细胞中有 条染色体。
2. 女性的性染色体为 ,男性的性染色体为 。卵细胞中的性染色体只含 ,精子中的性染色体是 。当卵细胞和含 的精子结合的受精卵,最终会发育成女孩;当卵细胞和含 的精子结合的受精卵,最终发育成男孩。
第三节 性状的遗传
1、性状:生物体的形态、结构、生理特征和行为方式统称为性状。
如:双眼皮属于形态特征,血型属于 生理特征 。
2 . 性状受基因控制,也受环境的影响。 所以,性状并不是都能遗传的。
3. 相对性状 如豌豆的圆粒和皱粒。 相对性状的前提条件:① 只能是生物 ②必须是同一种生物 ③针对同一类性状 判断: A 光线的明与暗 ( ) B 红花和绿叶 ( )
C 羊的直毛与卷毛( ) D 山羊的直毛和绵羊的卷毛 ( )
E 羊的粗毛和短毛( ) F 父亲单眼皮,儿子双眼皮 ( )
G ( ) H )
注意: 相对性状属于同一性状。即单眼皮和双眼皮并不是不同性状,而是同一性状。
4. 基因与性状:(区分显性基因、隐性基因、显性性状、隐性性状 )
A B 只要有一个显性基因,则表现显性性状。 C 隐性基因和显性基因一样,都能独立遗传给后代。
5. 人的受精卵中 成对的基因(或成对的染色体),一个来自父亲,一个来自母亲
6、在生殖过程中,亲代的基因随着染色体传递给后代,并控制着后代的性状表现。 (遗传的是基因,表现的是性状) 练习:1. 一对夫妇都是双眼皮,生下一个
单眼皮的儿子。请回答以下问题: 父(1)完成右侧遗传图解。
(2)家庭成员有双眼皮也有单眼皮这一生
理特征的不同表现类型,在遗传学上称为
;夫妇俩都是双眼皮,母
儿子却是单眼皮,这称为 现象。 (3)从图中基因组成看,母亲产生的卵细亲代卵细胞受精卵子代的性状胞类型有 种。
(4)这对夫妇生下来的女儿如果是双眼皮,则她的基因组成为
(5)假设这对夫妇再生下一个子女,儿子的可能性是 ,双眼皮的可能性是 , 是双眼皮男孩的可能性是 。
2. 有耳垂为显性(R )。父亲有耳垂,母亲无耳垂,儿子无耳垂,女儿有耳垂。判断他们的基因组成:父 母 子 女 ; 若父母再生一胎,则有耳垂的机率为
第四节 生物的变异
1. 变异:后代与亲代之间以及后代不同个体之间存在差异的现象。
2. 变异的类型:
根据产生的原因 可遗传的变异:由遗传物质决定的
类型 分为 不可遗传变异:由外界环境因素引起,遗传物质并未改变。
根据对生物个体的意义 有利变异:有利于生物生存的变异,如小麦抗倒状
分为 不利变异:不利于生物生存的变异,如小麦白化苗
3. 变异意义:生物的变异有利于物种的发展和进化。各种有利的变异通过遗传不断积累和加强,更加适应环境。 (可遗传的有利变异是生物进化的基础。)
4. 应用:培育优良品种。杂交、诱变。
作文三:《八年级上册国庆节作业_图文》11800字
养外交和翻译人才。 八年级上册第一单元复习
3、洋务派的根本目的__________________,洋务运动失败的标志(侵略与抗争)
___________________________。洋务运动失败的根本原因基础过关 _________________________________。洋务运动的最大功绩 。 1、中国近代史是一部屈辱史,旧民主主义革命时期列强对中国发动了四次侵略战争,使中
4、“__________ ”揭开了维新变法运动的序幕。该事件的直接原因是 ,_______ 国逐步沦为半殖民地半封建社会。
后,签订《 》 ,使中国 沦为双半社会; 使中国的半殖民地化程度的建立,标志着维新派的政治团体形成。戊戌变法最突出的历史功绩是进一步加深; 后签订《 》, 加深了中国的半殖民地化程度;而 ___________________ ,失败的根本原因是 后签订《 》,则使中国 沦为了半殖民地半封建社会。但是中国近代史又是一部抗争 ,客观原因是 史,西方列强灭亡中国的梦想始终没有实现,就是因为中国人民的不断抗争,如领导虎门销 。 烟的民族英雄 ,黄海大战中为国捐躯的 ,收复新疆的 和农民阶级掀起的 4((2013?湖南常德卷?5)学习历史,必须分清哪些是史实,哪些是观点。下列各项中属于和
。 观点的表是( )
2、英国发动鸦片战争的根本原因是 A(《南京条约》 B(1900年八国联军发动侵华战争 ;鸦片战争是中国 的开端,主要依据是 。
3、《南京条约》中最能体现英国发动鸦片战争目的的条款是 C(1898年百日维新 D(中国近代史是一部中华民族的抗争史
。 【答案】D 4、第二次鸦片战争是鸦片战争的继续,主要依据是两次战争的
和 相同;在二鸦中, 火烧圆明园, 成为近代史上割占中国领土最多的国9((2013?广东卷?8)题8图提供的信息与中英《南京条约》主要内容相符的是( ) 家。 ?割让香港岛给英国 5、中外反动势力勾结起来镇压中国革命始于 ,
该运动和义和团运动失败的客观原因相同,即 ?赔款2100万元
。 ?开放广州等城市为通商口岸 6、“大将筹边尚未还,湖湘子弟满天山。…….”颂扬的是晚清名将 收复 的爱国
壮举。 ?英商进出口货物缴纳的税款,中国须同英国商定 7、甲午中日战争中北洋舰队全军覆灭于 。 A(?? 8、《马关条约》中严重阻碍中国民族资本主义发展的条款是
,该条款反映了资本主义国家进入 B(??
阶段的新特点。 C(?? 9、八国联军侵华战争和以往战争的最大不同点是
。 D(?? 题8图 10、近代史上赔款最多的条约是《 》,条约中最能体现清政府完全成为帝国主义统治中【答案】C 国工具的条款是
。 12((2013?湖南长沙卷?17)陈旭麓在《近代中国的新陈代谢》中指出:“这场战争,自西11、旧民主主义革命时期,列强两次打进北京的战争是 方人1514年到中国起,是他们积325年窥探之后的一逞。对于中国人来说,这场战争是 和 。
1、洋务运动的领导阶级是 ,代表人物有_________、__________ 等。 一块界碑,它铭刻着中世纪古老的社会在炮口逼迫下赶往近代的最初的一步。”这场战争2、内容:?前期以“ ”为口号,创办 工业。?后期以“ ”为口号,兴办 工对中国的影响是( )
业。?70年代中期开始筹划海防,建立三支海军。?60年代开始开创近代____________,培A(使中国开始沦为半殖民地半封建社会
B(开启了中国的近代化进程 【答案】D
C(使中国完全沦为半殖民地半封建社会 1((2013?湖南常德?14)19世纪60年代至90年代的洋务运动虽然没能达到解除内忧外患、
D(推翻了中国的封建制度 实现富国强兵的目的,但在客观上推动了中国的近代化。洋务运动中客观刺激了中国民族【答案】A ( ) 资本主义产生和发展的措施是
3((2013?湖南株洲卷?24) “大将西征人未还,湖湘子弟满天山。新栽杨柳三千里,赢得A(引进西方先进科学技术,创办一批近代企业
春风度玉关。”诗歌赞颂的是左宗棠收复和开发( ) B(创办京师大学堂地,“中西并用”“广育人才”
A(西藏 B(新疆 C(蒙古 D(甘肃 C(修建京张铁路,废除科举制度
2((2013?辽宁大连卷?20) 1840年爆发的鸦片战争,打开了中国的大门,侵略者纷至沓来,D(创办大生纱厂,提供引进外资
强迫清政府签订了《南京条约》《马关条约》《辛丑条约》等一系列不平等条约。以下对条【答案】A
3((2013?湖北鄂州?11)两千多年前,古罗马哲学家西塞罗说:“谁控制了海洋,谁就控制约的分析正确的是( )
?《南京条约》使列强的侵略由沿海深入到内陆 了世界。”中国近代海军最早创建于( )
?《马关条约》打击了中国民族工业 A(洋务运动时期 B(甲午战争时期 C(鸦片战争时期 D(第二次鸦片战争时期
4((2013?江苏盐城?10)洋务运动被看作是中国近代化实践的起点,这个观点成立的最主?《辛丑条约》使清王朝的内政外交受洋人控制
?三个条约的签订都使中国的国家主权和领土完整遭到破坏 要理由是( )
A(?? B(?? C(?? D(??? A(它主张学习西方先进的生产技术 B(它结束了两千多年的封建帝制 【答案】C C(它创办了一批机器大生产的工业 D(它启发着人们追求民主和科学 7((2013?安徽省?4)下列《辛丑条约》的内容最能直接反映《扯线木偶》漫画寓意的是((2013?河南?2)下列历史人物中,既在军事上捍卫了国家主权,又兴办工业推动了近代5
( ) 化进程的是( )
A(清政府拆毁大沽炮台 A(谭嗣同 B(詹天佑 C(左宗棠 D(邓世昌
B(清政府赔偿白银4(5亿两 11((2013?广东佛山?7)唐老师说:我们往往抛开近代历史的复杂性,对统治阶级阵营中
C(清政府划定东交民巷为使馆界 的许多政要人物与国家建树之材,一如像李鸿章那样面对“数千年来未有之变局”而坚持
D(清政府严禁人民参加反帝活动 “师夷之长技”,力求摆脱困局的历史人物,缺乏一点“同情的了解”与尊重。唐老师认为
【答案】D ( )
11((2013?湖南常德卷?7)1905年,北京城一茶馆里有四位当地A(李鸿章是很复杂的历史人物 B(我们都应该同情、尊重每一个历史人物
居民在聊天,张三说:“我看见谭嗣同赴法场。”李四说:“我参加过义和团。”王五说: C(李鸿章是爱国者 D(认识历史人物应有鲜明的阶级立场
“我读过《民报》。”赵六说:“我家住在东交民巷。”你认为他们中谁说了谎( ) 【答案】C
A(张三 B(李四 C(王五 D(赵六 12((2013?湖南常德?6)十九世纪六七十年代,中国近代化的核心内容是( )
A(学习西方的科学技术 B(学习西方的政治制度 C(法令在山西落实得最好
C(学习西方的生活方式 D(学习西方的思想文化 D(促使中国开始引入机器生产
【答案】A 【答案】A
9(【2015永州】晚清政府曾收到某地民众的一份公告,公告称:“??百姓无依,惟有2((2013?内蒙古包头?3)下列关于戊戌变法影响的叙述,正确的是( )
死守,据为岛国,遥戴皇灵??图固守以待转机。”该公告反映的历史事件与地点对应正确的A(出现了中国第一批近代企业 B(在社会上起到了思想启蒙的作用 是【C】
A(鸦片战争——香港 B(第二次鸦片战争——库页岛 C(使民主共和观念深入人心 D(为马克思主义在中国的传播创造了条件
C(甲午战争——台湾D(郑成功收复台湾——钓鱼岛 3((2013?河北?12)“百日维新”期间,光绪皇帝允许创办报纸,并且说:报纸“宣国是而6.【2015盐城】下列是清政府与列强签订的不平等条约中有关赔款的规定【C】
?赔款2100万元?赔偿白银4.5亿两?赔偿日本军费白银2亿两。其签订的先后顺序排达民情,必须官为提倡”,“各报体例,自应以胪陈(陈述)利弊,开广见闻为主,中外时
列正确的是 事,均许据实昌言,不必意存忌讳。”光绪皇帝此举( ) A、??? B.??? C.??? D.???
3(【2015包头】不列颠的枪炮使洋务派深刻认识到:“自强之道,以育人才为本;求才A(开启了工业化序幕 B(倡导了出版、言论自由
之道,尤宜以设学堂为先”,因此洋务派在各地创办外语学堂和军事技术学堂。这些洋务学堂C(动摇了封建专制制度 D(使民主共和观念深入人心 的创办【D】
A(促进民族资本主义的发展 B(抵制外国经济势力的入侵 7((2013?山东德州?6)史学家陈旭麓认为:“民族的反思,是在遭遇极大的困难中产生的。
C(建立起先进的工业化体系 D(推动中国教育近代化进程 一百多年来,中华民族的第一次反思是在鸦片战争后,渐知诸事不如人,只有学习西方。6(【2015黔东南】下列是一组关于中国近代历史的图片,与这组图片内容相吻合的主题
是(A) 第二次则是反思何以学了西方仍然失败。”其中“第二次反思”开始于( )
A(经济技术方面的探索 B(政治制度方面的探索
C(思想文化方面的探索 D(军事强国方面的探索
【答案】B
5((2013?江西?5)改革势必触动部分人的利益,难免遭遇阻力,困难
重重。戊戌变法中有一项改革措施涉及“数百翰林、数千进士、数万 A(洋务运动的开展 B(中国民主资本主义的发展
C(外国资本主义扩张 D社会主义国营企业的建立 (举人、数十万秀才和数百万童生”的荣誉和进身之道。该措施是( )
A(奖励发明 B(废除八股 C (精减机构 D(裁汰冗员 【2015佛山】6,据资料统计,从1862—1894年这30余年中,李鸿章所主办和参与
【答案】B 筹办的“新政”事业占中国这一时期举办的全部新政的80%以上,其范围包括军火、采矿、
民用,此外还举办新式学校。李鸿章“新政”事业的主题是【B】 10((2013?广东佛山?8)有资料记载:新政措施颁行后,山西省成立了府务局,负责承办
A,废除八股取士,举办新式教育 B,发展近代产业,抵御外侮 全省的矿务、铁路,还集股白银45万两开设纺纱、织布厂,引入机器生产。材料说明维
新变法( ) C,引进先进技术,兴办民族工业 D,学习西方思想,改变传统习俗
A(一定程度上推动了地方近代产业的发展 32(【2015娄底】 “自鸦片战争以来,中国就不断有人做着各种各样的西方梦:梦想有
西方的坚船利炮,梦想有西方的新型工业,梦想有西方的民主制度??”。下列属于追求“西B(促进了人们的思想启蒙
方新型工业”梦想的历史事件是【B】 (1)根据材料一指出李鸿章学习西方技术的直接原因是什么,(2分)
A(太平天国运动 B(洋务运动 C(戊戌变法 D(新文化运材料二:李鸿章在洋务运动中主要活动一览表 动
6.【2015苏州】汪林茂在《层次递进的晚清三次新政》中评论某一历史事件时说:“其1865年 设江南机器制造局于上海
最大的意义并不是产生了‘自强’的效用,而是在古老的封建主义的‘体’上撕开了一道口1866年 在福州船政局附设海军军官学校 子,开动了近(现)代化的这辆列车。”据此可见,他认为【A】
A(洋务运动的进步作用主要体现在开辟了近代化道路 1872年 建中国第一家轮船航运公司-轮船招商局
B(戊戌变法冲击了陈旧腐朽的旧文化,具有启蒙意义 1876年 派福建船政生出洋学习,1877-1890年共派三批海军学员赴英国学习 C(辛亥革命乃是中国社会近代化进程中显著的里程碑
D(反帝爱国的五四运动是中国新民主主义革命的开端 1878年 筹建中国第一家机器棉纺厂—上海机器织布局
5.【2015盐城】据《李鸿章传》记载,李鸿章因为洋务被天下世俗功利之人崇拜。下列1880年 在天津创立北洋水师学堂 企业中,与李鸿章被崇拜有关的是【C】
?安庆内军械所?江南制造总局?汉阳铁厂?轮船招商局?湖北织布局 1888年 北洋舰队正式成立 A、?? B.?? C.?? D.??
(2)根据材料二,列举李鸿章创办的军事工业和民用企业各一例,(2分)并概括材料二15(【2015鄂州】 “女学生已经开始觉悟,抵制学校开设的‘列女传’。在操场的树荫下,
在宿舍里,他们常常聚在一起,争得面红耳赤,后来由争论变成抗婚、逃婚,以实际行动反中李鸿章其它方面的强国举措。(2分) 抗旧礼教,争取婚姻自由。”这则材料反映的是【C】
材料三:创办轮船招商局使“内江外海之利,不致为洋人尽占”,三年多时间,外轮损失A(维新思想开始传播B(民主共和思想深入人心
C(民主科学思想冲击封建礼教D(近代学校开设修身课程 一千三百多万两(白银),美国旗昌行不堪赔累,被招商局归并。??中国资本能挫败洋6(【2015益阳】19世纪,在中国近代化探索的历程中,国人相继走过了自救之路、维新
商,这在当时曾被视为“创建之事”。 之路,但都没有完成反帝、反封建的历史使命,探索之路任重道远。此文中“自救之路”、
“维新之路”分别是指【C】 摘自《中国历史八年级上册教师教学用书》 ——A(洋务运动、辛亥革命B(新文化运动、五四运动
(3)根据材料三概括轮船招商局在经济方面起到的作用。(1分) C(洋务运动、戊戌变法D(五四运动、戊戌变法
4(【2015包头】 “生产之要素有三:曰土地,曰劳力,曰资本。我国土地劳力皆胜居优,材料四:李鸿章办了多年洋务之后,在给曾国藩的信中写道:“惟中国政体,官与民、内惟苦乏资本??故利用外资,诚为中国今日生计政策之最妙法门”。在此,梁启超着重强调
与外均难合一??抑实不如日本。” 后来,曾为洋务运动旗帜的江南制造总局,被日军侵【C】
A(发展工业以工立国 B(发展商业争夺市场 占,更名为“三菱重工株式会社江南造船所”。 C(引进外资发展生产 D(学习西方君主立宪
——摘自《外国人评点李鸿章》
(4)根据材料四分析洋务运动没有使中国走向富强的原因有哪些,(2分) 二(材料解析题19((2013?四川宜宾?12)“知西来大势,识外国文明,想效法自强”,
(5)根据以上材料并结合所学知识,从近代化角度简要评价李鸿章。(1分) 透过李鸿章洋务历程,体验洋务自强的艰辛。阅读下列材料,回答下列各题。(10分)
【答案】(1)亲眼目睹了西洋火器在战争中的作用。(或“见识了西洋火器的威力”等意思材料一:李鸿章正是在上海战场亲眼目睹了西洋火器的威力后,才从一个传统的中国士人,
相近的表述也可给分)(2分) 转变为西方技术的终身信徒。他在寄给老师曾国藩的信函中自信地写道:“炮力所穿,无
(2)军事工业:江南机器制造局;(1分)民用企业:轮船招商局或上海机器织布局;(1孔不入……西洋炸炮,战守攻具,天下无敌”。
分) ——摘自《外国人评点李鸿章》
点即得满分。) 选项 史实 推论
林则徐主张对外商“正常贸易者,加以优17((2013?四川内江卷?21)历史推论离不开对史实的正确解读。下列推论中不符合史实A 这一主张表明林则徐维护外商在中国的利益 待,倘有带烟发觉,立正刑诛” ( ) 的是
中英《南京条约》 严重破坏了中国领土和主权的完整 B 【答案】A
C 左宗棠收复新疆 捍卫了祖国领土的完整 20((2013?广东佛山卷?6)美国学者杰明?艾尔曼说:(鸦片战争)对中国国内影响不是D 《辛丑条约》 使中国陷入了半殖民地半封建社会的深渊 太大,只限于广东一带,当时的问题是太平天国,大概几百万中国人死去,中国的经济中举措:筹划海防(答“建北洋舰队”“建立海军”等意思相近的表述也可给分)(1分);心江南一带都乱了,??把清朝的元气消耗得很厉害,导致国力衰减。此材料说明艾尔曼创办学校,派遣留学生,培养近代人才。(意思相近的表述也可给分)(1分) ( )
(3)抵制了外国经济势力的扩张(答“吞并美国旗昌行”“同外国经济势力展开竞争” 等A(否定鸦片战争是中国历史的转折点 B(认为太平天国导致了清朝的灭亡 意思相近的表述也可给分)(2分) C(抹杀了英国发动鸦片战争的侵略本质 D(颂扬太平天国是反封建的革命运动 (4)原因:中国封建制度落后(答“惟中国政体落后”、“没有触动封建制度”等意思相近21((2013?湖北孝感卷?49)(16分)21世纪是被世界各国公认的海洋世纪。海洋与中国历
的表述也可给分);日本等列强的侵略(答 “日军侵占”“外国侵略”也可给分)。(2分)史发展命运之间有密切的关系。阅读下列材料,回答问题。 (5)中国近代化的先驱(“开启了中国近代化步伐”“近代学习西方技术的先驱”“创办了材料一 1405—1433年~船队先后七次下西洋~到过亚非30多个国家和地区……船队先中国第一批近代企业” 等意思相近的表述也可给分)(1分) 后带去大量中国瓷器、铜器、铁器和精美的丝织品~同时也换回了亚非各国的许多物产~
如胡椒、象牙、宝石、香料等……船队所到之处~受到各国的热情接待……西洋各国也纷18((2013?山东聊城?32)阅读下列材料: 纷遣使来华。
19世纪60年代开始的这场……自强运动还是给中国的窗户开了一条缝~风的确是吹进来——岳麓版七年级《中国历史》下册 了~也奠定了中国工业的一个初步基础~让中国人看到了什么是西方工业。 (1)材料一中描述的历史事件是什么,(1分)根据材料回答此事的历史意义。(2分)
——张鸣《重说中国近代史》 【答案】郑和下西洋。(1分)意义:促进了我国与亚非各国的经济文化交流和友好往来。请回答: (2分)
(1)材料中的“自强运动”是指什么,(1分)这场运动的代表人物主要有谁,(2分) 材料二 从一定意义上说~一部中国近代史就是一部列强侵略中国的历史~更是一部列强(2)这场“自强运动”给中国工业奠定的初步基础表现在哪里,(3分) 从海上侵略中国并频频得手的历史。
【答案】(1)运动:洋务运动。(1分)代表人物:曾国藩、李鸿章、左宗棠、张之洞、奕——《海权与近代中国的历史命运》 诉。(2分。每个人物1分,答出其中两个人物即得满分。) 1894年9月~黄海风云突变。……几乎不约而同的~美国、法国、英国、德国和俄国的(2)基础:引进西方的机器设备;引进了西方科学技术;培养了技术工人;创办了第一批军舰都聚集在这里~等待集体观摩一场影响东亚~乃至整个世界历史进程的殊死搏近代企业;创办了新式学堂;刺激了民族资本主义发展。(3分。每点1分,答出其中三斗。……这是世界历史上第一次上演的蒸汽铁甲舰队之间的决战~交战的双方分别是大清
朝的北洋水师和日本的联合舰队。 材料一
——记录片《走向海洋》
(2)根据材料二并结合所学知识列举近代史上列强从沿海侵入中国的战争。(4分)材料二
中英、法等国集体观摩一场“殊死搏斗”是哪一次战役,(1分)此次战役中涌现的民族
英雄身上有哪些优良品质值得我们学习,(2分)
【答案】鸦片战争、第二欠鸦片战争、甲午中日战争、八国联军侵华战争。(答对一点给1 图一:签订《南京条约》 图二:签订《辛丑条约》
分,满分4分)黄海大战。(或甲午海战) (1分)反抗侵略、不怕牺牲。等等。(2分)材料二 鸦片战争以来,先进的中国人倡言学习西方,主张转变思想,更新观念,实现政
(言之有理,符合题意即可) 治民主化和法制化,并为此进行了艰苦卓绝的努力。
材料三 李鸿章以变局观分析了中国已面对着“数千年未有之强敌”~指出中国海防的重点——《中国历史十五讲》
为“大沽、北塘、山海关一带”~主张“防敌兵沿海登岸~是外海水师铁甲船与守口大炮(1)材料一两个条约的签订,分别对中国社会发展的历程有何影响,(4分)
铁船的重任”。他分析了福建、上海二局造船的情况~认为“派中国学生、工匠赴国外学【答案】《南京条约》的签订,使中国开始沦为半殖民地半封建社会;(2分)《辛
习是当务之急”。 丑条约》的签订,使中国完全沦为半殖民地半封建社会。(2分)
——《论清政府筹办海防》 (2)“学习西方”——洋务派为“自强”“求富”分别进行了怎样的实践活动,(3分) (3)根据材料三并结合所学知识回答19世纪60—90年代清政府为加强海防采取的措施。【答案】以“自强”为口号,创办了一批近代军事工业(答出安庆内军械所、江南制造总(3分) 局、福州船政局其中的一项同样给分);(2分) 以“求富”为口号,开办了一些民用工【答案】措施:创办福州船政局和上海轮船招商局;建立新式海军;派人出国留学,培养业(答出轮船招商局、汉阳铁厂、湖北织布局其中的一项同样给分)。(1分)
海军人才。(答对一点给1分,满分3分) (3)“转变思想,更新观念”——中国进步的知识分子陈独秀、李大钊等掀起了一场什么
材料四 21世纪在我国实施海洋战略~具有现实必要性和可行性。中国是世界人口的大国~运动,运动中举起了哪两面大旗,(3分)
陆地究竟不足~资源有限~海洋是今后可持续发展的最后究竟。台湾问题的和平解决~必【答案】新文化运动;民主、科学(3分)
须依赖强大的海就此力量作为后盾。中国自北向南~完全处于由岛链形成的关闭海状态~(4)面对中国人民的不懈探索和抗争,说说你的感想。(2分)
没有强大的军力量~就无法保证安全的出海通道。 【答案】我们要学习和继承前辈的光荣传统,为中华民族的伟大复兴而努力;努力学习,
——《关于21世纪我国东部大海洋战略的思考》 振兴中华;等等。
(4)根据材料四指出新时期我国加强海军建设的重要意义,(3分) 13((2013?湖北十堰卷?31)【材料解析 10分】
【答案】意义:开发洋洋资源,促进中国经济发展;和平解决台湾问题;保障海洋通道安全,材料一:1871年11月日本政府派出以岩仓具视为首~包括大久保利通、伊藤博文等人的
维护国家利益。(答对一点给1分,满分3分) 大型考察团出访欧美~对欧美10多个国家的政治、外交、法律、军事、经济、文教等情23((2013?福建泰宁?26)中国近代史既是一部屈辱史,又是一部探索史、抗争史。阅读材况进行了认真考察。考察团提出的“殖产兴业”、“富国强兵”、“文明开化”三大政策被
料,结合所学知识,回答下列有关问题。(12分) 奉为日本建国的指导方针。
材料二:第二次鸦片战争结束后~面对内忧外患的形势~清政府内部以曾国藩、李鸿章
等为代表的地主阶级认为“中国文武制度~事事远出西人之上~独火器万不能及”。[来源:
学(科(网]
江南制造总局 上海轮船招商局 第一批赴美留学生 北洋水师(定远号) 材料三:第二次世界大战结束~日本投降~日本割占中国的大部分领土归还中国~但琉球 归属权未定。……1970年至1971年~美国又将琉球和钓鱼岛一起交给日本~触发全球华材料二 1895年后~李鸿章伤感地反省~说:“我办了一辈子的事~练兵也~海军也~都人第一次保钓运动。中日建交后~双方同意暂时搁置钓鱼岛主权问题。[来源:学#科#网是纸糊的老虎……不过勉强涂饰~虚有其表”
Z#X#X#K] 材料三 李鸿章因为洋务~被天下的读书人唾骂~也因为洋务~被天下的世俗功利之人崇阅读材料,依据所学知识,回答下列问题: 拜~而我之所以推崇他~责备他、惋惜他~也是因为洋务…… (1)材料一反映了日本历史上的哪次改革,(1分)这次改革对日本产生了哪些重大影响, 李鸿章出生以来~实为中国与世界发生密切关系的时代~也是中国与世界各国交流艰难的(2分) 时代。
【答案】明治维新。(1分)摆脱民族危机,走上资本主义发展道路;跻身西方资本主义——梁启超《李鸿章传》 列强行列,走上对外侵略道路。(2分) 请回答:
(2)依据材料二,19世纪60年代以后清政府内部实行的一场自救运动是什么,(1分)(1)材料一中李鸿章等洋务派的作为主要涉及哪些领域,(3分) 结合材料一,概括日本和中国在学习西方内容上的主要特点。(2分) 【答案】军事、经济、教育。(1点1分,满分3分)(办军事工业、办民用工业、派遣留【答案】洋务运动。(1分)日本从政治、经济、军事、外交等全方位向西方学习;中国学生,培养人才;建海军等,亦可得3分)
洋务派只是学习西方的科学技术。(2分) (2)材料二中李鸿章如此“伤感”的原因是什么,(2分) (3)19世纪90年代中日之间进行了一场较量,结果签订了哪一丧权辱国的条约,(1分)【答案】?甲午战争失败,洋务运动破产;?洋务运动没有使国家富强起来;?洋务运动清政府割让哪些领土给日本,(1分) 的目的没有实现;?甲午战争失败,北洋水师全军覆没;?甲午战争失败,签订《马头条【答案】《马关条约》。(1分)割辽东半岛、台湾、澎湖列岛给日本。(1分),(必须约》,丧权辱国。说明:只要答出以上任意一点,即可得满分2分。) 答出台湾、澎湖列岛两条方可得1分) (3)材料三中读书人、世俗功利之人和梁启超对李鸿章分别是什么评价,(3分) (4)目前中日两国因钓鱼岛问题产生摩擦。你认为两国应如何妥善解决这一摩擦,(2分) 【答案】?读书人:唾骂李鸿章;?世俗功利之人:崇拜李鸿章;?梁启超:推崇、责备、【答案】中方:坚决维护领土主权,争取和平协商解决,不排除使用武力;日方:尊重历惋惜李鸿章。(1点1分,满分3分)
史、正视现实,以史为鉴、面向未来。(2分)(其它说法符合题意亦可) (4)综合上述材料和所学知识,你认为应该怎样正确评价历史人物,(4分) 23((2013?海南?21)阅读材料:(12分) 【答案】?结合历史人物所处的时代背景与社会条件来进行评价;(2分) 材料一 ?史论结合,论从史出;运用辩证唯物主义观点,全面、科学、客观地进行评价;一分为
二的观点等等。(1点2分,满分2分)
作文四:《人教版八年级历史上册_国庆节作业》3600字
第一单元学情教情分析
一、单项选择题
1.对联是中华民族文化瑰宝之一。品对联“竹枪一杆,打得妻离子散,未闻枪声震天;铜灯半盏,烧尽田地房廊,不见烟火冲天。”知对联揭示的问题是( )
A.因吸烟,中国人民内部仇杀亿万千人 B.说明中国人民勇敢,不怕刀枪火炮 C.刀枪火炮都有较大危害 D.揭示了鸦片输入的危害
2.耸立在天安门广场上的人民英雄纪念碑,它上面的浮雕再现了中华民族近代的反抗外来侵略的光辉历程。右图是人民英雄纪念碑上的第一组浮雕,它反映的主题是( )
A.虎门销烟 B.太平天国运动 C.辛亥革命 D.抗日战争
3.南京是近代历史的缩影。在此签订了中国近代史上第一个不平等条约,结合《鸦片战争英军入侵路线图》请你判断开放的通商口岸在同一省份的是( )
①广州 ②厦门 ③福州 ④宁波 ⑤上海 A.①② B.②③ C.③④ D.④⑤ 4.右图再现了某条约的签字场景,该条约中破坏中国关税的条款是( )
A.赔款2100万两
B.开放广州、厦门等五处为通商口岸 C.割香港岛
D.英商进口货物交纳的税款,中国须同英国商定
5.魏源则被称为西学中用第一人,他提出的“师夷之长技以制夷”成为经典,成为拿来主义的开山鼻祖。他提出的“长技”是指( )
A.西方的先进技术 B.西方的政治制度 C.西方优秀的思想文化 D.西方开放的对外政策 6.为纪念圆明园建园300周年,同时也为了抢救圆明园十二兽首遗产,圆明园十二兽首纪念币首次铸币(右图)。圆明园十二兽首青铜尊在下列那次侵华战争中被掠走的( )
A.鸦片战争 B.第二次鸦片战争 C.八国联军侵华 D.甲午中日战争
7.我国当代一位著名的文化学者说:“废墟是昨天派往今天的使者,废墟让我们把地理读成历史。”从右图所示的废墟中,我们可以解读的历史是( )
A.近代中国大门被打开 B.英法联军攻战北京 C.洋务运动破产D.义和团抗击八国联军
8.“东沟海战天如墨,炮震烟迷船掀侧,致远鼓棹冲重围,万火丛中呼杀贼。”与此诗相关的历史事件是( )
A.马尾海战 B.丰岛海战 C.黄海海战 D.威海卫战役
9.“吾国四千年大梦之唤醒,实自甲午战役割台湾,偿二百兆始”。下列内容与梁启超所述事实在同一条约的是( )
A.允许日本在通商口岸开设工厂
B.开放广州、厦门、福州、宁波和上海为通商口岸 C.划定北京东交民巷为使馆区 D.割让香港岛给英国
10. 通过图文结合的学习,请你判断中英《南京条约》和中日《马关条约》的相似点是( )
①都规定了割地 ②都有赔款 ③都规定了帝国主义在华设厂
④都规定了开放通商口岸
A. ①②③④ B. ①②③ C. ②③④ D. ①②④ 11.台湾是中国领土的一个组成部分,近代史上,日本强迫清政府割占台湾及其附属岛屿的不平等条约是( )
A.《南京条约》 B.《北京条约》 C.《马关条约》 D.《辛丑条约》 12.割占右图中①地区的不平等条约是( ) A.《南京条约》 B.《瑷珲条约》 C.《北京条约》 D.《马关条约》
13.恩格斯说,不费一枪一弹“从中国夺取了一块大小等于法德两国面积的领土和一条同多瑙河一样长的河流”,这个国家是( )
A.英国 B.日本 C.法国 D.俄国
14. 浙江慈溪流传着一首民歌“洋人好比一只鹰,黄毛高鼻绿眼睛,鹞鹰凶恶怕弓打,洋人怕的红头军”。这里“红头军”是指( )
A.红巾军 B.白莲教 C.太平军 D.捻军
15.“紫禁城内各宫殿,尽为寇兵分国占据。三海、万寿山、颐和园等处??各宫中累代珍异皆为日人捆载以去。”这是列强在哪一次侵华战争中犯下的罪行( )
A.第二次鸦片战争 B.甲午中日战争 C.八国联军侵华战争 D.日本全面侵华战争
二、读图与简答
16.请你观察右图中的人物,回答下列问题:
(1) 你知道图中的三位历史人物
是谁吗?
(2) 他们各自的主要事迹是什
么?
(3)他们身上的哪些精神值得我们学习? 17.仔细观察下列图片,请回答:
请回答:
(1)请你结合所学知识判断,图一、二分别是哪次战争的形势图? (2)根据图片,你能写出战争中侵略者的大致侵略路线或战争地点吗?
(3)图一、二反应的两次战争后签订的条约中开放的通商口岸,结合地图分析通商口岸位置的变化情况以及从中得到的认识。
三、材料分析题 18. 阅读下列材料:
材料一:“在地球的另一角落里有着一个人间奇迹,它叫夏宫。??人们的想象力所能创造的一切几乎神话性的东西都体现在这座宫殿中。??有一天,两个强盗闯入了夏宫,一个动手抢劫,一个把它付诸一炬。原来胜利就是进行一场掠夺。胜利者窃走了夏宫的全部财富。??之后,他们双双拉着手,荣归欧洲。”
材料二:美国的特命全权公使委派到世界那一边(中国),站在树底下,手里拿着筐子,等着接他在树上的伙伴所摇撼下来的果子。甚至他还接到训令,万一树上的人和果园的主人发生纠纷,他应当出来调停。
──美国学者德涅特《美国东亚外交史》
请回答:
(1)两则材料反映的事件发生在哪一战争中?
(2)材料一中的“两个强盗”、 材料二中的“树上的伙伴”都是指谁?“果园的主人”指谁?在这一事件中美国扮演了什么角色?
(3)与上述材料有关的这场战争给中国造成了什么严重影响?
(4)西方列强一向标榜自己是来自“文明社会”的“文明人”,读了上述材料后你有何认识?
(5)12月4日是该“夏宫”罹难纪念日,假如我们穿越了时光隧道作为火烧该宫的见证人,你怎样用简练醒目的文字,富于感情的语言向世人报道这段历史
19.阅读下列材料:
材料一:义和团民谣:“最恨和约,误国殃民。上行下效,民冤不伸。”?? “神助拳,义和团,只因鬼子闹中原。兵法易,助学拳,要摈鬼子不费难。挑铁道,把线砍,旋再毁坏大轮船。大法国,心胆寒,英吉、俄罗势萧然。”
材料二:7月中旬,八国联军攻陷天津。慈禧太后慌忙向外国求和。八国联军不予理睬,继续向北京进犯。8月中旬,攻入北京。慈禧太后带领光绪帝仓皇逃跑。在逃跑途中,慈禧太后命令清军斩杀义和团,并无耻地请求八国联军“助剿”。
请回答:
(1)材料一中的“和约”指的是什么?为什么说它是“误国殃民”?从材料中可以看出,当时义和团运动的主要斗争对象是什么?
(2)材料一中法、英、俄“心胆寒”“势萧然”的原因是什么? 分析材料可以看出义和团运动的不足有哪些?
(3)八国联军中的八国指哪些国家?它们何时开始侵略中国?
(4)材料二反映了义和团失败的原因。从客观上看,义和团失败的原因是什么?
(5)八国联军入侵中国带来了什么后果?
第一单元参考答案
一、单项选择题
1——5 DABDA 6---10 BBCAB 11---15 CDDCC 二、读图与解答
16.(1)A邓世昌;B林则徐;C左宗棠 (2)林则徐领导禁烟运动(或虎门销烟);左宗棠率军收复新疆;邓世昌在黄海战役中壮烈捐躯(3)视死如归的精神,爱国主义精神等。
17. (1)图一:鸦片战争;图二:甲午中日战争。(2)鸦片战争中英军侵略的大致路线:南海海面-厦门-定海-大沽-镇江-江宁(南京)。甲午中日战争的主要交战地点:牙山偷袭-平壤大战-旅顺、大连战役-黄海大战-威海卫之战。(3)通商口岸的变化由东南沿海扩张到北方沿海,由沿海再深入到中国内地,最后到达中国的心脏──北京。认识列强发动的侵华战争和战后强迫清政府签订的一系列不平等条约,使中国主权受到严重破坏,中国社会一步步沦为半殖地半封建社会。
三、材料分析题
18.(1)第二次鸦片战争(2)英国和法国;中国;帮凶(3)加深了中国的民族危机。(4)西方列强是一伙地地道道的强盗、魔鬼和杀人狂,他们在第二次鸦片战争中的行为足以证明这一切。标榜自己是来自文明社会的“文明人”只是欺世盗名,也是自欺欺人。(相近的说法都可以)(5)答题思路:一是揭露列强的暴行,再就是从中得到爱国主义的教育,勿忘国耻,振兴中华。
19.(1)《马关条约》;此条约规定割地、赔款、开放通商口岸,允许列强投资设厂等,是继《南京条约》以来最严重的不平等条约,大大加深了中国的民族危机;外国侵略者(2)义和团敢于同国际强盗展开血战,粉碎了列强瓜分中国的梦想;义和团在抵抗西方列强侵略的同时,对西方的一些文明成果也加以抵制。(3)英、美、俄、日、法、德、意、奥,1900年6月。(4)清政府和帝国主义联合镇压。(5)八国联军逼迫清政府签订了《辛丑条约》,使清政府成为帝国主义统治中国的工具,中国完全陷入半殖民地半封建社会的深渊。
作文五:《八年级上册国庆节阅读作业》13000字
八年级上册国庆完型填空与阅读作业
(请在右侧做好笔记)
Most American families like to have a vacation ___1____ summer. Summer is a good
season ___2____ vacations. It is very hot during(prep.在……期间) the months of July and
August. Children do not go to school during these ___3_____ months.
Some ___4___ like to stay at home during the vacation. They work in the garden, visit friends,___5____ books, or ____6___ TV. Many families _____7___ their lunch to the park or somewhere far ___8_____ the city. They like to eat where there are many trees or there is a nice lake. If they live near the sea, they often go to the beach. They can fish, swim or enjoy the sun there. America is a large country. Many families travel by__9_____ or by train to see interesting places. They also travel by plane to a foreign country. Many big cities have many famous buildings, theatres, shops and other places __ 10_______tourists.
( ) 1. A. for B. in C. on D. at
( ) 2. A. to B. of C. for D. about
( ) 3. A. one B. two C. three D. four
( ) 4. A. people B. peoples C. man D. policeman
( ) 5. A. see B. watch C. look D. read
( ) 6. A. see B. watch C. look D. read
( ) 7. A. takes B. take C. took D. are taking
( ) 8. A. from B. away C. to D. off
( ) 9. A. car B. a car C. their car D. cars
( )10. A. for B. in C. on D. at
Sarah was ill, she t to see the doctor.
“ Doctor, I’m not feeling well,” she said. “ Every time I do my homework, I feel tired. If I go to school on foot, I have to sit down and rest for ten minutes.”
The doctor looked at her carefully. At last he said, “ Nothing much. But I’m afraid you are
eating too much.”
“I don’t understand, what do you mean? ”asked Sarah. “I mean you eat too much food,” said
the doctor.
“ Oh! You mean I’m too fat. That’s a problem.” Said Sarah. “What should I do If I don’t want to be heavy !”
“ The answer is easy,” said the doctor. “ If you want to be thin and healthy, you shouldn’t eat a lot of food and you also should do much exercise.”
根据短文内容,选择最佳选项
( ) 1 What was the matter with Sarah ? She felt _____ .
A. tired B. sad C. sore in the back D. hungry
( ) 2. Sarah t to school _____ .
A. by bike B. by bus C. by car D. on foot
( ) 3. The doctor told her that _____ .
A. she must eat much food B. she ate too much C. she was too thin D. she was ill ( ) 4. _____ is a problem.
A. Eating less food B. Being too fat C. Working too hard D. Playing too much
sports
( ) 5. Sarah wants to _____ later.
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A. eat a lot of meat B. be fat C. do more exercise D. stay at home for some days
Cross the Roads
Every day some people are killed while they are crossing the roads. Most of these people are old people and children. Old people are often killed because they can't' see or hear very well. Children are killed because they are not careful. They forget to look and listen before they cross the roads.
A car or a bus can't stop quickly. If a car is going very fast, it will travel many meters before it stops. Some people don't always understand this. They think a car can stop in a few meters. It's difficult to know how fast a car is moving. The only way to cross the roads safely is to look both ways, right and left. Then if the roads are empty, you can cross them.
( )6. What kind of people are often killed when crossing the road?
A. Young people. B. Older people.
C. Little children. D. The old and the children.
( )7. Old people are often killed in traffic accidents because__________.
A. they are able to see B. they are able to hear
C. they can see and hear very well D. they can't see and hear very well ( )8. The children are killed in traffic accidents because__________.
A. they like to cross the roads B. they are careless
C. they are careful D. they can’t see and hear very well
( )9. If a car is going very fast, it_______________.
A. will not stop B. will travel a few meters after it stops
C. will move several meters before it stops D. will be easy to stop in a few minutes ( )10. Which of the following is not right?
A. Some people know a traveling car can't stop in a few meters.
B. The only way to cross the roads safely is to look right and left of the ways.
C. If the roads are busy, you can't cross the roads.
D. It's not easy to know how fast a car is traveling.
Old John t to see a doctor. The doctor examined and said, “Medicine can’t help you. You
must have a good rest. Go to a quiet place for a month, go to bed early, drink some milk, walk a lot and smoke one cigar (雪茄) a day.”
“Thank you very much,” said old John, “ I will do everything you say.”
A month later, old John came to the doctor again. “Well, I’m glad to see you. You look much
younger.” said the doctor.
“Oh, doctor,” said old John, “I feel quite well now. I had a good rest. I t to bed early, I drank a lot of milk, and I walk a lot. Your advice certainly helped me. But you asked me to smoke one cigar a day, and the one cigar a day nearly killed (杀) me at first. It’s no joke to start smoking
at my age.
( )11. The doctor _________________________________.
A. asked him to take some medicine B. asked him not to take any medicine
C. didn’t say any word about medicine D. gave him some medicine
( )12. Old John __________________ after a month.
A. didn’t get well B. got well C. was old D. got bad
( )13 Which one is true?
A. Old John smoked before B. Old John smoked less than(比) before
C. Old John didn’t smoke before D. Old John didn’t smoke a cigar a day
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( )14 When Old John was ill, he looked______________.
A. young B. old C. younger D. older
( )15. The best title(题目) of this passage should be____________.
A. Old John B. Old John is ill C. The Doctor’s Advice D. The Doctor
After Tom finishes his middle school, he goes to work in a post office. He is very happy to get the job, because he can send the letters on a bike. It is easy and nice. One day, he takes a letter to a house. When he gets to the door, a big dog runs out. He is afraid of it very much, and he throws the letter on the floor and runs away. But the dog doesn’t e to him. It stops and picks up the letter with his mouth and carried the letter into the house. Tom says, “Oh, the dog does the
same work as I do.”
根据短文回答下列问题,一空一词。
16.Where does Tom work?
He works in a ____________ ______________.
17.How does Tom send the letters?
__________ the ____________.
18.What does he see when he gets to a house one day?
He _________ a __________ dog.
19.Does the dog e to Tom?
_________,it _______________.
20.What does the dog e to do ?
It es to __________ _________ the letter.
It's September 1st, and we're all back to school. It's good to_____1____ all my teachers and friends again. They all____2_____ fine.
We're in Grade Eight this year. We have____3____ new subjects. I'm not very_____4_____ at Chinese, but Han Mei says she can_____5_____ me. I think I can____6_____ it better. I like English very much. Zhang Hong likes English, ____7____ . But she needs help. I_____8____ I can help her.
Mr. Hu is our new English teacher. He____9____ know all of us, so he has our names on a piece of paper and____10_____ our names before he begins his lesson.
1. A. see B. watch C. find D. look
2. A. do B. see C. look D. sound
3. A. a lot B. some C. lot D. much
4. A. well B. good C. bad D. nice
5. A. learn B. give C. help D. need
6. A. do B. play C. look D. feel
7. A. either B. very C. much D. too
8. A. am afraid B. think C. am sorry D. want
9. A. doesn't B. don't C. does D. do
10. A. gives B. calls C. asks D. tells
Mary is an American girl. She is now in Beijing with her parents. Mary doesn't know much Chinese, but she is studying it. She often speaks Chinese with her Chinese friends. Sometimes they can't understand her, because she can't speak Chinese very well.
It's Saturday morning. She goes out. She is walking in the street. She wants to go to the zoo to see the elephants and monkeys, but she doesn't know how to get there. She asks a Chinese boy the way. The boy can't understand her. Then she takes out a pen and a piece of paper. She draws an
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elephant on it, and shows the picture to the boy. The boy understands, and shows her the way to the zoo.
根据短文内容,选择最佳答案。
1. Mary is__________ .
A. Chinese B. English C. Japanese D. American
2. Mary is in__________ with her parents now.
A. Shanghai B. Beijing C. New York D. London
3. Mary doesn't know how to get to__________ .
A. the zoo B. the park C. her home D. her school
4. Mary can't speak__________ very well.
A. English B. England
C. China D. Chinese
5. At last The boy__________ .
A. can understand Mary', Chinese
B. takes her to the zoo
C. shows her the way to the zoo
D. draws a picture for Mary, too
What should we do to keep healthy? One important rule is to exercise__1__. The Fang family try to exercise every day. Mr. Fang__2__exercise in the morning because he must get to work at exactly seven o'clock. But he runs every evening. He walks a lot, __3__. He walks to school every day, and after school he__4__different sports with his friends. Mr. Fang goes to a yoga (瑜
加功) class__5__.
But it wasn't__6__this way. Last year Mr. and Mrs. Fang used to __7__everywhere in their car, used to do sth. even to the drugstore(drug毒品;药品drugstore药店) two blocks(街区)away. They thought 过去常常做某事 they had to use the car all the time. They wouldn't walk.
The Fangs all__8__better now. They believe they shouldn't be lazy. We__9__exercise every day, but we should try our__10__to exercise as often as possible.
1. A. often B. sometimes C. late D. later
2. A. may not B. can not C. would not D. should not
3. A. either B. also C. too D. again
4. A. watches B. plays C. loves D. likes
5. A. in two weeks B. for two weeks
C. after two weeks D. twice a week
6. A. always B. even C. sometimes D. no
7. A. riding B. drive C. fly D. walk
8. A. had B. make C. feel D. feel like
9. A. needn't B. don't C. won't have D. mustn't
10. A. best B. good C. well D. better
VII. 阅读理解。(10分)
Mike is a factory worker. He is often very tired after a day's work. His wife, Jenny, has no job, so she stays at home to cook the meals. Every day he can have his dinner when he gets home from his factory.
One day, Mike came home very late because he was very busy in the factory. He was very hungry when he got home.
He was not happy when he found his dinner was not ready. He was very angry with his wife. He shouted at her, "I'm going out to eat in a restaurant." "Wait for five minutes," said his wife. "Why?
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Do you think that dinner will be ready in five minutes?" asked Mike. "Of course not," she answered. "But I can be ready to go with you in five minutes."
根据短文内容,选择正确答案。
1. Mike works in________.
A. a factory B. an office
C. a school D. a hospital
2. Jenny stays at home because ________.
A. she likes cooking
B. she loves her husband very much
C. she doesn't have a job
D. she doesn't want to work
3. One day, Mike came home very late because________. A. he wanted to have dinner in a restaurant
B. he had a lot of work to do
C. he was angry with his wife
D. his wife didn't cook dinner
4. Mike was________when he found his dinner was not ready. A. happy B. glad C. hungry D. not happy
5. Which sentence is correct?
A. Jenny could have dinner ready in five minutes. B. Jenny wanted to go to the restaurant with her husband. C. Jenny didn't like the dinner at home.
D. Jenny didn't love her husband.
Ben Lambert,the famous French singer, is __1___ a long vacation ___2____this summer!He thought about____3___to Greece or Spain,but decided on Canada. “I always take vacations
__4__ Europe,” he said. “This time I want to do ___5______. I heard that Canada is beautiful, and I know ___6____ many people there __7___speak French.” Ben is going to Canada’s Great Lakes.He is leaving ___8___week in June and staying ___9__September.He plans to have a very___10___vacation.
( )1.A.take B.takes C.taking ( )2.A.on B.in C.\
( )3.A.go B.goes C.going
( )4.A.at B.on C.in
( )5.A.anything different B.different something C.something different
( )6.A.there is B. have C.there are ( )7.A.who B.what C.that
( )8.A.one B.the first C.first ( )9.A.until B.in C.to
( )10.A.relaxing B.relaxed C.relax
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精品范文,豆丁网.
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作文六:《新目标英语八年级上册周末作业国庆节3》13600字
安昌镇中学八年级英语备课组资料
安昌镇中学八年级英语国庆长假作业 (三)
姓名:_______ 等级_______
一、用所给词的适当形式填空
1. Did you have fun_______ (talk) with me?
2. Her mother often goes_______(shop) on weekends. 3. She _________(study) for an English test yesterday. 4. He didn?t _______(have) any money for the taxi, so he______(walk) back home.
5. They _______(stop) laughing and began to cry. 6. Rick didn?t go ____________(somewhere) interesting last month. 7. What about_________(swim) tomorrow?
8. They took quite a few________(photo) last year. 9. The movie seems_________(interest) because many people like it. 10. Mark t to a ________(friend) farm in the countryside with his family.
11. She didn?t go to the_________(沙滩)with her parents last summer vacation. 12. Linda________(探望)her aunt last weekend.
13. Tina t to the ___________(山)two days ago.
14. Did Kevin meet _______(任何人)interesting?
15. This is a _________(特殊的)gift for my brother.
16. He ________(买)a pen on his way to school yesterday. 17. She often ________(喂)pigs on the farm.
18. I enjoyed________(我自己)on vacation.
19. There was nothing much to do in the evening but_______(看书).
20. She felt so ________(excite) that she cried.
21. He doesn?t like the movie because it is_________(bore). 22. What activities do you find _________(enjoy)? 23. At last, she made a __________(decide) to go shopping with her mother.
24. She really enjoys ________(walk) around the town. 25. We walked for an hour before we _______(get) to the top.
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安昌镇中学八年级英语备课组资料
26. There are many __________(活动)at school.
27. They ________(决定)to buy a car last night.
28. I ________(想知道)what it was in English.
29. She didn?t have ________(足够)money to buy a house.
30. Linda has three _________(雨伞).
31. Can you tell the __________(差别)between them?
32. There are many new __________(建筑物)in this city.
33. They enjoyed_________(他们自己)on Ann?s birthday party.
34. Look! They are _________(等待)for the bus.
35. There are too _______(much)people here.
36. My mother always tells me_________(study) hard. 37. How about _________(锻炼)tomorrow?
38. Some students do homework three or four ________(次)a week.
39. The box is ________(装满)of apples.
40. Coffee and hamburgers are __________(不健康的)food.
41. ________(看)books every day is good for your mind. 42. She goes to the dentist for ________(牙齿)cleaning.
43. My daughter is ________(害怕)to swim in the river.
44. Tina?s hair is longer than______(I).
45. I am sorry for keep you ________(wait) so long. 46. The more we get together, the _______(happy) we will be. 47. The young man looks very__________(友好的).
48. That story book is much ________(滑稽的).
49. My parents are_______(两者都)teachers.
50. My daughter is ________(talent) in music. 51. Li Ming is a good _________(listen), so I always tells him everything.
52. My best friends are __________(difference) from theirs. 53. The funny story made all of us _________(笑).
54. We can get some __________(信息)from the Internet.
55. She is a little _________(good) at playing basketball than he is.
2
安昌镇中学八年级英语备课组资料
二、阅读理解
A
Nobody likes staying at home on vacation if the weather is fine. Last August we decided to pass the day in the country. The only problem was that thousands of other people had just the same idea. We moved out of the city slowly behind a long line of cars, but at last we came to a quiet country road, after some time, stopped at a farm far from the town. We had brought enough food with us and we got it out of the car. Now everything was ready so we sat down near a road at the foot of a hill. It was very quiet in the cool grass until we heard bells ringing at the top of the hill. What we saw made us pick up our things and run back to the car as quickly as we could. There were about two hundred sheep ing towards us down the road.
( ) 1.People like to drive out of the city ____________ .
A. when they are on vacation B. if the weather is fine
B. when there is nothing to do at home D. A and B
( ) 2.It took them ________ to find a quiet place.
A. a short time B. some hours C. all day D. a long time ( ) 3.They heard bells ringing __________.
A. as soon as they got out of the car
B. very short time after they got their dinner ready
C. after they sat down on the grass for quite a long time
D. when they ran back to the top of the hill
( ) 4. They all felt ______ that day.
A. happy B. afraid C. unhappy D. awful
( ) 5. Which of the following isn?t true ?
A. Thousands of other people drove to the country for vacation that day.
B. They didn?t have a good time in the country that day
C. They may have a good time if they didn?t stay at a farm
D. They enjoyed seeing so many sheep running down the hill.
3
安昌镇中学八年级英语备课组资料
B
There is a bar in our town with the name “The White Horse”. It is Mr. Webster?s. few people t to the bar last year, but things are quite different now. There was a picture of a white horse on the door of the bar.
Then a stranger came in one day, drank something, looked around the bar, and then said to Mr. Webster, “Few people e here. Take down the picture of the white horse and put a picture of a black horse instead.”
“But the name of the bar is ?The White Horse,?” Mr Webster said.
“Yes, but do it, “ the man said. Then he t out of the bar.
Mr Webster t to an artist and said,” I want a picture of a black horse.”
The next day a picture of a black horse was on the door of the bar instead of that of the white horse. Soon after the door opened, a man came in and said,” There?s a
mistake on the door of your bar, and the picture is different from the name.” The man looked, sat down and drank something. Then another man came in and said the same, and then another and another. A lot of people came in and said, “The picture on your door is wrong,” and they all stopped and drink in Mr Webster?s bar.
( ) 1. The stranger told Mr. Webster to take down the picture of the white horse because he knew____.
A. a picture of a black horse showed good luck.
B. the picture of the white horse wasn?t good for the bar
C. people would understand the picture different from the name
D. people would e in and tell the picture was different from the name. ( ) 2. Mr. Webster agreed with the stranger ___.
A. though he wasn?t ready to do it like that at first
B. though he didn?t like the black horse
C. because he knew he was an artist
D. because he also wanted to changed the picture.
( ) 3. More and more people came to the bar because ____.
A. it changed its name B. the black horse was better than the white horse
C. the bar had a black horse D. they wanted to show the mistake
4
安昌镇中学八年级英语备课组资料
( ) 4. The stranger____.
A. was cleverer than Mr. Webster
B. didn?t like the white horse at the beginning
C. knew Mr Webster and the artist
D. got much money by teaching Mr Webster
( ) 5. From the story we have learnt that___.
A. if your business is not good, you?d better change the name or the picture
B. if you are in trouble, you should take others? ideas
C. when you have difficulty, don?t give up
D. when a good name is given, it can cause success
C
During the day we work and play; at night we sleep. Our bodies rest while we sleep. In the morning we are ready to work and play again. While we are asleep, our bodies grow most. Children who are tired usually need more sleep. We can get our lessons better and we feel better too, when we have had plenty of rest. Boys and girls who are eight or nine years old need ten hours of sleep every night. Our bodies need plenty of air when we sleep. If we do not get enough fresh(新鲜的)air we?ll feel tired when we wake up. While in bed we must not cover our heads. If we do, our lungs(肺)will not get enough fresh air. If we open our windows at night we can have plenty of fresh air. Cool air is better than warm air. Boys and girls who want to grow and be strong must get plenty of sleep.
( )1.Our bodies grow most while we are _______.
A(eating B(playing C(sleeping D(waking
( )2.Which is better for us at night?
A(Hot air B(Cool air C(Warm air D(Dry air
( )3.Too little sleep makes us ________.
A(happy B(hungry C(tired D(grow
( )4. How much sleep should boys and girls of nine years have every night?
A(Eight hours B(Nine hours C(Ten hours D(Eleven hours
( )5. What do the lungs need most?
5
安昌镇中学八年级英语备课组资料
A(Fresh air B(Food C(Rest D(Exercise
三、完型填空
A
Once there was a rich man in a village. He never gave anything to help others. The 1 didn't like him . One day he said to them . “ I know you don't like me . I will give everything I have to you 2 I die. Then everyone wil l be happy. ”
But nobody believed him . The rich man couldn't 3 why they didn't believe him.
One day he t for a 4 by the lake . Under a tree he happened to hear a pig and a cow 5 .
The pig said to the cow , “ why everybody likes you and nobody likes me? After
I die, I 6 people with pork , ham , etc . I give three or four things to them. But you give only one thing 7 . Why do people like you all the time and not me. ”
The cow said “ Look , I give them milk while I'm 8 . They see that I am
generous(慷慨的)with what I 9 . But you don't give them anything before you die. You give them ham, pork and so on only after you're dead. People don't believe in the future; they believe in the 10 . If you give while you are living, people will like you. It is quite simple. ”
From that moment on , the rich man did all his best to help the poor .
( )1. A.strangers B.villagers C.officers D.workers ( )2. A.when B.because C.since D.until ( )3. A.ask B.remember C.discover D.understand ( )4. A.walk B.meal C.visit D.help ( )5. A.fighting B.shouting C.talking D.joking ( )6. A.feed B.provide C.bring D.help ( )7. A.milk B.ham C.pork D.beef ( )8. A.happy B.afraid C.alive D.lonely ( )9. A.eat B.drink C.like D.have ( )10. A.past B.present C.rich D.poor
6
安昌镇中学八年级英语备课组资料
B
Dick Smith, 1 18 -year-old boy, thinks that the most important people in
his 2 are his friends. 3 fact may people like Dick Smith think that their family
members (成员) and even their 4 don't know them as well 5 their friends do. In
large families, we have already found that brothers and sisters can not get on 6 with each other.
It is very important for young people 7 one good friend or a group of friends.
They are nearly at the same age and 8 up together. They usually spend a lot of time
on the phone. 9 is very important in children's growing up. Because friends can
discuss something difficult to say in their families. However some parents often try to choose their children's friends for them. Some parents even stop their children from 10 their good friends.
( )1. A. a B. an C. nearly D. about
( )2. A. lives B. life C. lifes D. day
( )3. A. On B. At C. In D. Out
( )4. A. father B. mother C. parent D. parents
( )5. A. so B. as C. than D. of
( )6. A. well B. bad C. good D. nice
( )7. A. have B. to have C. having D. had
( )8. A. growing B. have grow C. grew D. grow
( )9. A. Phone B. Talking C. Listening D. Writing
( )10. A. meeting B. meet C. to meet D. met
四、句型转换
1. I bought something for my father. 改为一般疑问句
______ you ______ ________ ________ your father?
2. We studied for math tests last weekend. 改为否定句
We _______ _________ for math tests last weekend.
3. Yesterday we t to the park. We had a good time. 改为同义句
Yesterday we t to the park. We _______ ________.
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安昌镇中学八年级英语备课组资料
Yesterday we t to the park. We _______ ________. 4. They did their homework yesterday afternoon. 改为否定句
They _______ ________ _______ ________ yesterday afternoon.
5. I ate something at a restaurant. 改为一般疑问句
______ you ________ ________ at a restaurant? 6. There were too many animals in the zoo. 改为否定句
______ _______ too many animals in the zoo. 7. Her vacation was great. 对划线部分提问
________ _______ her vacation?
8. She is young. She can?t go to school. 合并成一句
She is ______ young ________ she can?t go to school.
9. She eats junk food once a week. 对划线部分提问
_______ ________ _______ she eat junk food? 10. I sleep nine hours every night. 对划线部分提问
______ ______ hours do you sleep every night? 11. Mary is a 16-year-old girl. 改为同义句
Mary is _______ ________ _________.
12. I am not so fat as her. 用than改写
She is ________ _______ me.
13. John is good at speaking English. 改为同义句
John ______ _______ ______ speaking English. 14. There are over sixty students in our class. 改为同义句
There are ______ ______ sixty students in our class.
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作文七:《八年级语文上册国庆节假期作业试卷》3500字
八年级语文上册国庆节假期作业试卷
姓名 班级
一.积累与运用。(49分)
1.看拼音写汉字。(8分)
suí( ) 靖 阻 è( ) 地jiào( ) 荒miù( ) 箱qiè ( ) 寒jìn( ) jū( )躬 瓦lì( )
2.《就英法联军远征中国给巴特勒上尉的信》的作者是 ,他是 国作家。(2分)
3.阅读新闻,要注意它的结构的五个部分,
即: (5分)
4. 老大徒伤悲。(《长歌行》)(1分)
5.树树皆秋色, (王绩《野望》(1分)
6.指出下列描写句是属于哪一类描写。(8分)
①老妇人跪在那坑里,用手掌舀出那些水。舀几下,她就得休息一会儿。到底,她把坑里的水全舀干了。于是她回到那死者旁边,两手抄在死者的腋窝下,把他拖走。( )
②他没法解释:大江大海过了多少,为什么这一次的任务,偏偏没有完成?自己没儿没女,这两个孩子多么叫人喜爱!自己平日夸下口,这一次带着挂花的人进去,怎么张嘴说话?( )
③“那V形石碑象征被害孩子们的班级——五年级。”莫马说,“孩子们就在那( )
④可是那晒得干黑的脸,短短的花白胡子却特别精神,那一对深陷的眼睛却特别明亮。很少见到这样尖利明亮的眼睛,除非是在白洋淀上。( )
7.试为下面的新闻拟一个标题。(4分)
2003年10月15日,是一个永载中华民族和人类文明史册的日子。我国第一艘载人飞船“神舟”五号发射升空。在绕地球环行14周后,16日6时23分,我国自己培养的航天
员杨利伟乘返回舱在内蒙古预定地区安全落地。我国首次载人航天飞行取得圆满成功。中国人第一次乘自行研制的宇宙飞船,实现了飞向太空的历史性跨越。这是我国航天事业和国防科技事业发展史上一座新的里程碑,开创了我国科学技术发展的新纪元。
8、下面这段话有四处语病,请你找出来并改在试卷上或指出改法。(8分)
禽类产品安全吗?
①只有正确烹饪鸡或者其他禽类,这些食物就是很安全的。但如果你想像越南人那样在布丁蛋糕上放点生的鸭血,被感染的机会就会高得多。最近一位河内的水泥商就是吃这种布丁蛋糕得上禽流感的。②他荣幸地活了下来,③但在他的哥哥照顾他的时候被传染,最后死了。东南亚有许多患者都是在卖活禽的市场上感染的。世卫组织并没有建议不去那些暴发禽流感疫情的国家,④但卫生部建议旅行者切忌不要“直接接触活禽市场和家禽农场。”
9.根据课文内容填空。(12分)
(1)《桃花源记》的作者是_________(朝代)著名的诗人________,后人把不受外界影响的地方或幻想中的美好世界称为____________。(3分)
(2)①文中写桃林美景的句子是:__________________ _
_ 。 (4分) ②写桃花源中人和平安定生活的句子是:____________,____________ (2分)
(3)《桃花源记》中出现的成语有 。 (任选三个)(3分)
二、现代文阅读(16分)
①“她挂花了!”
老头子没听见,拼命地往前推着船,还是柔和地说:
“不怕。他打不着我们!”
“她挂了花!”
②“谁?”老头子的身体往上蹿了一蹿,随着,那小船很历害地仄歪了一下。老头子觉得自己的手脚顿时失去了力量,他用手扒着船尾,跟着浮了几步,才又拼命地往前推了一把。
⑧他们已经离苇塘很近。老头子爬到船上去,他觉得两只老眼有些昏花。可是他到底用篙拨开外面一层芦苇,找到了那窄窄的入口。
④一钻进苇塘,他就放下篙,扶起那大女孩子的头。
大女孩子微微睁了一下眼,吃力地说:
“我不要紧。快把我们送进苇塘里去吧!”
⑧老头子无力地坐下来,船停在那里。月亮落了,半夜以后的苇塘,有些飒飒 的风响。老头子叹了一口气,停了半天才说:
“我不能送你们进去了。”
小女孩子睁大眼睛问:
“为什么呀?”
老头子直直地望着前面说:
⑥“我没脸见人。”
小女孩子有些发急。在路上也遇见过这样的带路人,带到半路上就不愿带了,叫人为难。她像央告那老头子:
“老同志,你快把我们送进去吧,你看她流了这么多血,我们要找医生给她裹伤呀!” ⑦老头子站起来,拾起篙,撑了一下。那小船转弯抹角钻入了苇塘的深处。
⑧这时那受伤的才痛苦地哼哼起来。小女孩子安慰她,又好像是抱怨,一路上多么紧张,也没怎么样。谁知到了这里,反倒??一声一声像连珠箭,射穿老头子的心。他没法解释:大江大海过了多少,为什么这一次的任务,偏偏没有完成?自己没儿没女,这两个孩子多么叫人喜爱!自己平日夸下口,这一次带着挂花的人进去,怎么张嘴说话?这老脸呀!
1.“她挂花了”,结合课文内容,说说“挂花”是什么意思。(2分)
答
2.第②段,老头子的身体为什么会往上“蹿一蹿”?(4分)
答:
3.“月亮落了,半夜以后的苇塘,有些飒飒的风响”这一句环境描写,在文中有何作用?(3分)
答:
4.老头子说“我没脸见人”,反映了老头子怎样的心理与性格特点?(3分)
答
:
5.第⑧段中加“.”的“偏偏”一词写出“老头子”怎样的心理?(4分)
答:
三、文言文阅读(35分)
林尽水源,便得一山,山有小口,彷佛若有光,便舍船,从口入。初极狭,才通人。复行数十步,豁然开朗。土地平旷,屋舍俨然,有良田美池桑竹之属。阡陌交通,鸡犬相闻。其中往来种作,男女衣著,悉如外人。黄发垂髫,并怡然自乐。
见渔人,乃大惊,问所从来。具答之。便要还家,设酒杀鸡作食。村中闻有此人,咸来问讯。自云先世避秦时乱,率妻子邑人来此绝境,不复出焉,遂与外人间隔。问今是何世,乃不知有汉,无论魏晋。此人一一为具言所闻,皆叹惋。余人各复延至其家,皆出酒食。停数日,辞去。此中人语云:“不足为外人道也。”
1.解释下面句中加点字词的的含义。(3分)
(1)有良田、美池、桑竹之属 .(2)悉如外人 .
(3)余人各复延至其家 .
2.解释下列句子中加点词语的古今义(10分)
①中无杂树,芳草鲜美 古义:______ 今义:______ ..
②阡陌交通,鸡犬相闻 古义:______ 今义:______ ..
③率妻子邑人来此绝境 古义:______ 今义:______ ....
古义:______ 今义:______
④乃不知有汉,无论魏晋 古义:______ 今义:______ ..
3.用现代汉语翻译下面的句子。(6分)
(1)黄发垂髫,并怡然自乐。
译文:
(2)此人一一为具言所闻,皆叹惋。
译文:
(3)此中人语云:“不足外人道也。”
译文: 。
4、 “此中人一一为具言所闻”联系上下文,想想“此人” 说了些什么 ,试概括为三
点。(6分)
⑴________________________________________________________________
⑵________________________________________________________________
⑶________________________________________________________________
5.找出选文中描写桃源人幸福生活的句子。(用原文回答)(2分) 。
6.“便要还家,设酒杀鸡作食”“余人各复延至其家”表现了桃花源中人们 的
特点;他们在送渔人离开时嘱咐他“不足为外人道也”是因为 。(4分)
7.世外桃源寄托了陶渊明怎样的社会理想?(4分)
答:
作文八:《人力资源新目标英语八年级上册周末作业国庆节2》17700字
安昌镇中学八年级英语国庆长假作业 (二)
姓名:_______ 等级_______
(一)单项选择
( )1. ---Why don?t you want to go to the beach?
---Because there is ________ there.
A. something interesting B. anything interesting
C. everything interesting D. nothing interesting
( )2. --- do you eat junk food?
---I like it. I eat it three times a week.
A. How long B. How far C. How often D. How much
( )3. ---Who?s at English than Tara?
---Tina is. She works much ______.
A. good; hard B. better; hard
C. better; harder D. good; harder
( )4. My brother is as as my sister. They both like to study.
A. serious B. more serious C. smarter D. much funny
( )5. ---What a tall tree! I can?t reach the apples.
---I think Gao Yan can. She is the ________ girl in our class.
A. strongest B. highest C. healthiest D. tallest
( )6. He ______ to the zoo yesterday because he studied for English test.
A. goes B. didn?t t C. t D. didn?t go
( )7. I ear fruit and drink milk every day, but I ______ drink coffee. I don?t like it.
A. sometimes B. never C. often D. always
( )8. Running in the morning is good ____ your _____.
A. for, healthy B. to, healthy C. for, health D. to, health
( )9. The boss made her ______ 11 hours a day, so she was really tired.
A. work B. working C. to work D. works
( )10. _____he is busy, ____he helps his parents with the housework on weekends.
A. Although, but B. Though, but C. Although, / D. But, /
( )11. I want to have________ exciting vacation this year.21*jy*
A. / B. the C. a D. an
( )12. - ________ do your grandparents e to see you? – Twice a week.
A. How often B. How many C. How long D. How soon
( )13. This basket isn?t as________ as that one. It?s __________.
A. heavy, much heavier B. heavier, more heavy
C. heavier, much heavier D. heavy, more heavier
( )14. Project Hope has built many schools_________ big classrooms and libraries.
A. in B. of C. for D. with21教育网
( )15. – How can we keep in good_________?
- We should take more exercise and eat less________ food.
A. health, healthy B. health, unhealthy
C. healthy, healthy D. healthy, unhealthy
( )16. You?re ______fat, you shouldn?t eat_________ meat from now on.
A. too much, too much B. much too, much too
C. too much, much too D. much too, too much
( )17. – I want to eat_____. What?s the specials in your restaurant?
– How about the fish? It?s _____ cooked.
A. something different; specially B. different something; special
C. nothing delicious; special D. delicious something; specially
( )18. - ________ is he going to Canada with? - With his friends.
A. How B. What C. Which D. Who
( )19. – _________ did you go ________ this week?
– Twice. I did it on Monday and Thursday.
A. How long; camp B. How often; camping
C. How soon, camp D. How many times; camping
( )20. She looks__________ because she has a_________ vacation.
A. relaxed, relaxed B. relaxing, relaxing
C. relaxed, relaxing D. relaxing, relaxed
( )21. –________ do you live from your school? – About _________ walk.
A. How far; ten minutes? B. How many, ten minutes
C. How long; ten minutes? D. How soon; ten minutes
( )22. – Who is ____at puter in our class?
- Of course, Tom is. He often uses _______.
A. better; Internet B. good; the Internet
C. the best; the Internet D. the best; Internet
( )23.______took about one hour for him to study for a test. And then he spend two hours_______ his homework.
A. He; in B. He; doing C. It; doing D. It; do
(二)完型填空
Some years ago, on a hot summer day, a little boy decided to go for a swimming in the river near his house. He ___1___ into the river. He swam and swam. ___2___he didn?t find he was swimming towards the middle of the river and there was an
alligator (鳄鱼) in the river. His mother in the house looked out of the __3___ and saw the two getting closer and closer. She ran towards the river __4____and shouted at her son as loud as she could. The little boy heard his __5___voice and swam back to his mother. But it was too___6__. Just as he reached her, the alligator ___7__him. The mother caught her little boy by the arms just as the alligator caught his legs. The alligator was much__8____than the mother, but the mother __9___her best to save her son. Later, a farmer happened to drive by, and shot the alligator __10____
After several weeks in the ___11___, the little boy got well .There were scars(疤
痕)on his __12____and arms. A newspaper reporter t to __13___him and asked if
he would show his scars. The boy ___14____, and then ___15___great pride, he said to the reporter while showing him his leg,“But look at my arms! I have great scars on my arms, too. They are scars of love .”
( ) 1. A. fell B. jumped C. swam D. t
( ) 2. A. And B. So C. But D. Though
( ) 3. A. door B. hallway C. ground D. Window
( ) 4. A. carefully B. seriously C. quickly D. Quietly
( ) 5. A. father?s B. mother?s C. sister?s D. teacher?s
( ) 6. A. late B. later C. latest D. early
( ) 7. A. stopped B. reached C. arrived D. Got
( ) 8. A. taller B. heavier C. stronger D. Smarter
( ) 9. A. decided B. gave C. used D. tried
( ) 10. A. die B. died C. dead D. death
( )11. A. school B. library C. cinema D. hospital
( ) 12. A. face B. back C. legs D. hands
( )13. A. discuss B. write C. talk D. interview
( )14. A.showed B. agreed C. disagreed D. refused
( ) 15. A. in B.with C. of D. on
(三)阅读理解
A
One day John t to a shop to get some new clothes and a new pair of shoes. The shoes in the shop were quite good and were not expensive. But none of them
were the right size. They were either too big or too small. Then John asked the shopkeeper for a suit, but it was too dear, so he chose a jacket. He tried it on and thought it was very nice. He picked up the jacket and told the shopkeeper to put it in a bag. At that moment his old friend Ron came into the shop. They hadn't seen each other for months. They were so pleased to see each other. They talked on and on。
It was late, so they decided to go and have dinner. John picked up the bag , and walked towards the door of the shop. The shopkeeper stopped them and asked John to pay for the jacket. John looked at him in surprise at first, but soon he remembered that he hadn't paid for it. He said sorry and paid for the jacket. Then he left the shop with his friend.
( )1. What did John thought of the shoes in the shop?
A. He thought they were the right size for his feet.
B. He thought they were the wrong size for his feet.
C. He thought they were good and expensive
D. He thought they were neither too big nor too small.
( )2. John didn't buy any shoes, did he?
A. Yes, he didn't. B. Yes, he did. C. No, he didn't. D. No, he did.
( ) 3 . What did John buy in the shop?
A. He bought a pair of shoes. B. He bought a suit.
C. He bought a jacket. D. He bought a shirt.
( )4. Which sentence is wrong?
A. The shoes in the shop were either too big or too small
B. John and his friend Ron hadn't seen each other for years.
C. John and his friend talked on and on, and he nearly forgot to pay for the jacket.
D. At last, John paid for the jacket.
( )5. Why didn't John pay the money at first?
A. Because he didn't want to.
B. Because he was poor.
C. Because he forgot to pay for it.
D. Because the shopkeeper gave it to him for a present.
B
Mrs. Brown lived in a small town near a big farm. One Friday afternoon, after she finished doing housework, she t to her small shop. She opened the window of the
shop and looked outside. She liked to see the green farm. There were many cows, horses, and small animals on the farm. Suddenly she saw a kangaroo under her window. It was interesting to see that the kangaroo was wearing an old jacket. It stood there and looked hungry. Mrs. Brown gave some bread and water to it. The kangaroo
had them all. Then it became happy and jumped away. Suddenly something dropped on the ground there was $300 and a photo in it. That was a man?s photo with his name “John” on it. John? She looked more carefully and remembered she had a brother many years ago. His name was also John. “Is this man my lost brother?” She thought. She took the wallet with her and began to look for the man. She asked many people in the town, and then she came to the farm and asked the farmer. To her great surprise, it was John, her lost brother. They were very excited and happy to see each other.
( )6. Which is not mentioned(提到,涉及) in the story?
A. kangaroo B. cow C. cock D. horse
( )7. Choose the right order according to (根据) the story.
a) They were happy to see each other.
b) Mrs. Brown gave bread and water to the kangaroo.
c) She t to her small shop.
d) She t to look for the man.
e) She looked carefully at the photo.
A. a, c, d, b, e B. c, b, e, d, a C. c, e, b, d , a D. b, c, e, d, a
( )8. Which is WRONG according to the passage?
A. Mrs. Brown lived in a big farm.
B. Mrs. Brown found her brother at last.
C. The kangaroo was near the window of the shop.
D. There was a photo and 300 dollars in the wallet.
( )9. Mrs. Brown took to look for her brother.
A. the kangaroo B. the cow C. the wallet D .the jacket
( )10. Why did Mrs. Brown lose her brother many years ago?
A. His parents didn?t want him.
B. We don?t know.
C. He t out to work and didn?t know the way home.
D. His parents didn?t have money. So he didn't want them.
C
Joe Smith is a singer. He and his wife like traveling a lot. Every year they visit a
small town called Gum Tree in January and July and sing for people there.
One summer ,they t there by train again. On the first day, they planned to go hiking in the mountains, but it rained a lot. So they decided to go to the only cinema in town and watch a movie. When people saw the Smiths, they started clapping(鼓掌).
Joe was excited and said to his wife,??Aha,I can?t believe people here all know me and they are friendlier than I thought. They must like my songs.
Then a young man said to them:” thank for your ing. The cinema shows the movie only after ten people buy the tickets. There are eleven now, so the movie will be on soon.
( )11.Joe Smith and his wife visit the small town______
A.once a year B. twice a year C.once a month D.twice a month
( )12.How did the Sniths get to the town?
A.By plane B.By train C.By bus D.By car
( )13.The Smiths______because it rained a lot that day.
A. t hiking B.climbed the mountain
C.slept in the hotel D.t to the cinema
( )14.We can know the Smiths______
A.like going hiking in the mountains B.are unfriendly to people
C.often sing for people in town D.like going to the cinema
( )15.People in the cinema weled the Smiths because______
A.they could watch the movie then B.they all knew Mr Smith well
C.they liked Mr Smith?s songs D.they wanted to be friendly to visitors
D
Mr and Mrs Williams always spent their summer holidays at the seaside near their hometown.One year, they decided to go to Rome and visit the famous city.
They flew to Rome and arrived at the hotel late at night. They thought that they would have togo to bed hungrily, because the hotel served(供应) no meals after seven
o?clock in the evening. So they were very surprised when the waiter asked them to have dinner.
“Are you still serving dinner now??? asked Mrs Williams.
“Yes,?? answered the waiter, ?? We serve it until half past nine.??
??What in the time of the meals then??? asked Mrs Williams.
??Well, we serve breakfast from seven to half past eleven in the moring, lunch from twelve to three in the afternoon, tea from four to five and supper from six to half past
nine.”
But that hardly leaves any time for us to visit Rome,?? asid Mrs Williams in a
disappointed (失望的)voice.
( )16.Where did Mr andMr Williams always spend their summer holidays?
A.In Rome B.At a 5-star hotel C.In big cities D.Near their hometown
( )17.What did they worry about when they arrived in Rome?2-1-c-n-j-y
A.They couldn?t find a really good hotel.
B.They would have no meals.
C.They had no water to take a shower.
D.They couldn?t sleep well.
( )18.When did the hotel serve dinner?
A.From seven to half past eleven. B.From twelve to three.
C.From for to five. D.From six to half past nine.
( )19.What did Mrs Williams think of the trip in Rome?
A.They would have a good time..21--jy.
B.They would have no time to visit Rome.
C.They would have meals only in the daytime.
D.They would have enogh time to see the city.
( )20.Which of the following is TRUE?
A.Mr and Mrs Williams t to Rome by train.
B.The hotel never served breakfast.
C.The hotel served tea for two hours everyday.
D. Mrs Williams disappointed after she knew the time of the meals.
(四)任务型阅读
You don?t have to be bored on a rainy day. Here are some new ideas:
Tell stories. You might tell stories you have heard before, or you might make up some really wonderful stories.
________. You can learn to cook a pizza or maybe some cookies. Give your friends a chance to help in the kitchen and make something tasty.
_________. You might write stories on your own and then read them aloud to others, or you might write a story together.
_________. Think of some scenes and then play a game. Act as teachers, doctors, nurses or policemen. You can dress up in whatever you may have.[来源:Zxxk.Com]
_________. Pick out some music and dance around in the room. You can also sing while others are dancing.
So on the next rainy day, try some of these ideas for a day full of fun!
A. Cook in the kitchen
B. Play “Let’s act” game
C. Write a story together
D. Have a party
This passage is mainly about “________”.
A. How to tell and write stories B. How to play a game
C. How to spend a rainy day D. How to make something tasty
(五)单词拼写
(A)根据下列句子及所给汉语,写出空缺处各单词的正确形式,每空只写一词。
1. There are quite a few (差别) between the two pictures.
2. They think the best way to relax is ________(通过) exercise.
3. They _________(到达) Shanghai last night.
4. I am _________(计划) to go to Beijing this summer.
5. The_________ (获胜者) of the men?s petition were Mr. Li and Mr. Lin.
(B)在下列各句的空格内填上一个适当的完整的单词,该词的首字母已给出。
6. Next week is quite full for me, I can h__________ go to the movies with you.
7. Tom, please help y to some fruit.
8. I exercise t a week, every Wednesday and Friday.
9. Please turn up the radio, I can?t hear the news c .
10. Dream Clothes has the w_____________ service. No one likes going there.
11. Mary?s son is t_______ in music, so she wants to make her son bee a
musician.
12. Linda looks thin and weak. M________ because she hardly ever exercises.
13. We can get a lot of i__________ on the Internet.
14. We w_______ over an hour for the bus because of the heavy traffic.
15. There are a lot of new b________ in my hometown now.
16. Lily is f_____ than any other students in our class. She always makes us laugh.
17. Sam and Tom, your mother and I are going on vacation. You have to look after y ________.
18. He sang very badly. And his brother sang even w_________.
19. T_______ he lives alone in a village, he doesn?t feel lonely.
20. There are some d________ between these two pictures.
21. Dad, I?m b ____now. Could you tell me a funny story?
22.Jim?s home is the f ____from school in our class, but he never gets to school late.
23.We should brush our teeth t ____a day----in the morning and evening.
24.Do you know the English s ____”No pains, no gains”?
(六)词汇填空(共10小题,计十分)
用方框中所给单词的适当形式填空,使短文通顺、正确、连贯(每个单词限用一
次)
possible other they do true someone dream by morning turn
One day, a boy asked a highly successful businessman, “How _____you do so
much in your lifetime???
He replid,??I have many dreams, and I_____them into what I wanted to do. Then I t to bed and thought about my_____.In the evening I dreamt about my dreams. And when I awoke(醒来) in the_____, Isaw the way to make my dreams real. When other people said,??You can?t do that. It isn?t_____, I was well on my way to getting
thwhat I wanted.?? As Woodrow Wilson, the 28 present(总统) of the US, said,??We
grow great_____dreams. All bid man are dreamers.??
Some of us let these great dreams die, but_____nourish(滋养) and protect them,
nourish them through bad days until they bring_____to the sunshine and light. And those people always sincerely hope that thir dreams will e_____.
So please, don?t let_____steal your dreams, or try to tell you they are impossible.
??Sing your song, dream your dream, hope your hope and pray(祈祷)your prayer.”
作文九:《八年级物理国庆节作业》4800字
珊瑚初中八年级物理国庆节作业
拟题人:张书成 姓名 班级 一、选择题,每题2分~共30分。将答案填入下表。,
题号 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 答案
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
1. 有一副对联写道“家事、国事、天下事事事关心,风声、雨声、读书声声声入耳。”你认为这副对联
提到了的声源有( )
A(一种 B(二种 C. 三种 D. 四种
2. 以下减弱噪声的措施中,属于在声源处控制噪声的是( )
A. 在公路两旁种草植树 B(戴上防噪声的耳塞
C. 市区内禁止汽车按喇叭 D(关闭门窗
3. 锣发声的时候,用手按住锣面,声音就消失了,这是因为( )
A. 手挡住了声音的传播 B. 手使锣面停止了振动
C(手使锣面跟空气隔开了 D. 情况不明,无法判断
4. 固体、液体和空气,声音在其中传播速度最快的是( )
A. 固体 B(液体 C. 空气 D(一样快
5. 妈妈买碗时把两碗碰一碰,听听发出的声音就能判断好坏,她判断碗的好坏时主要是根据声音的( )
A. 音调 B(响度 C(音色 D(音量
6. 下列事例中,利用次声波的是( )
A. 探测潜艇、鱼群的位置 B. 海豚根据声波的反射判断物体的位置
C. 预测台风、海啸的动态 D. 人耳能够听到蚊子的振翅声 7. 交响乐中钢琴和小提琴同奏一段乐曲,除了响度有区别外,你能把它们分辨出来的理由是( )
A. 音调不同 B(响度不同 C. 音色不同 D. 声速不同
8. 没有甩过的体温计示数为37.5?,仅用酒精消毒后分别给正常体温37?和高烧的病人38.5?测体温,则先后两次体温计的示数应该是( )
A. 37? 38.5? B. 37? 37.5? C. 37.5? 38.5? D. 不好判断 9. 地上有积水时,常用扫帚将水向四周扫开,这样做的目的是( )
A(扫开时,地上的孔多,便于渗出 B(增大蒸发面积
C. 扫帚的运动加快了空气的流动 D(扫帚把水吸走了
10. 水蒸气烫伤比开水烫伤得更严重,这是因为( )
A(水蒸气的温度比开水温度高 B(水蒸气降温时放热多
C(水蒸气与皮肤的接触面大 D(水蒸气在液化时要放大量的热 11. 把盛有水的纸盒放在火焰上烧,水烧开了,但纸盒不会烧着,这是因为( ) A. 水可以灭火,所以纸盒不会烧着
B(火焰的温度较低,低于纸盒的着火点
C. 纸的着火点高于水的沸点
D(水善于散热,故纸盒的温度不高于着火点
12. 下列关于汽化的几种说法中,正确的是( )
A. 蒸发和沸腾是液体汽化的两种方式
B. 冬天口中呼出的“白气”是水的汽化现象
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C. 放在衣柜中的樟脑丸越来越小是汽化的结果
D. 只有达到沸点,水才能汽化
13. 关于汽化和液化的下列说法中,正确的是( )
A. 液体的温度达到沸点时,液体一定会沸腾
B. 当液体的温度升高时,液体的蒸发不一定加快
C. 所有气体,当温度降低时,都可以液化
D(所有气体单靠压缩体积就能液化
14.夏天,当我们打开冰箱门时,常可以看到“白雾”,这是因为( )
A. 冰箱内食物中的水分遇热后,蒸发形成的水蒸气
B. 空气中的水蒸气遇冷而液化成的小水滴
C. 冰箱中的水形成的水蒸气
D. 冰箱内原有的水蒸气
15. 夏天,用电风扇对着人吹风,人感到凉爽,若用电风扇对着温度计吹风,则温度计的示数将( )
A. 不变 B. 降低 C. 升高 D. 无法确定
二、填空题(每空1分~共30分)
16. 声音是由于物体的 产生的, 停止,声音随之消失。
17. 一名男低音歌手正在放声歌唱,为他轻声伴唱的是位女高音,则 的音调高,
的响度大(
18. 把一个闹钟放在一个抽成真空的密闭玻璃柜中,能看见闹钟的振锤在打铃,但却听不到铃声,这个现象说明了 。
19. 苏东坡有诗曰:“若言声在琴弦上,放在匣中何不鸣,若言声在指头上,训君何不指上听”。苏东坡的诗句提示的物理规律是 。
20. 超低空飞行的战斗机,常常会把居民家的玻璃震碎,这说明战斗机飞行时会产生很大的 ,同时,声波可以传递 。
21. 假如声音在空气中传播的速度是0.1m/s,我们的生活会有什么不同,写出一个合理的有关情景 。
22. 著名的南京中山陵风景区的街道两旁种植了大量树木,这是用 的方法来减弱噪声的;在摩托车的排气管上装消音器,这是用 来减弱噪声的。
23. B型超声波诊断仪是医学上利用 准确获得内部疾病信息的医疗器材;蝙蝠在飞行中发出 ,根据 到来的方位和时间确定位置和距离;根据回声定位的原理,科学家发明了 ,用来探测鱼群、探知海深等。
24. 湿衣服能被晒干;在家中用水壶烧水时,水烧开后继续加热,水会较快地减少甚至被烧干而造成事故。以上情况,我们称水发生了 现象,但形式不同,前者叫 ,后者叫 。
25. 农民晒粮食的时候,要把粮食放在向阳的地方,这是为了提高粮食中水分的 ;把粮食摊开,这是为了增大粮食中水分的 ,这样做都能加快粮食中水分的 。 26. 如图1所示,是一位学生用实验室温度计测烧杯内水温的情况,其操作过程的错误之处有:(1) ;(2) 。
27. 图2所示是温度计测得的温度,该温度是 ?,读作 。
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图1 图2
28. “吹气”和“哈气”都是从口中呼出来的气,夏天用嘴“吹气”能使开水变凉,这是因为 ,使水温降低。而冬天用嘴对手“哈气”使手变暖和,这是因为 ,使手表面温度升高。
29. 将烧红的工件放入冷水中“淬火”时,会有“白气”产生,其物态变化是先 然后 。 30. 居民使用的液化石油气就是在常温下用 的方法使石油气液化,储存在钢罐里。
三、实验探究题(第31题8分~第32题6分~第33题6分~第34题10分~第35题4分,第36题6分.共40分)
31.为了探究声音产生的条件,有人建议利用以下几个实验现象.
A:放在钟罩内的闹钟正在响铃,把钟罩内的空气抽出一些后,铃声明显减小.
B:使正在发声的音叉接触水面,水面溅起水花.
C:吹笛子时,手指按住不同的孔便会发出不同的声音.
D:在吊着的大钟上固定一枝细小的笔,把钟敲响后,让纸在笔尖上迅速滑过,可以在纸上画出一条来回弯曲的细线.
(1)你认为,能说明声音产生条件的两个实验现象是 、 .
(2)其他现象虽然不能说明声音产生的条件,但是分别说明了什么问题?
说明
说明
32.
图3 图4
(1)观察图3能得出的结论是 ; (2)观察图4能得出的结论是 。 33. 声音与人的生活息息相关,为了认识声音,某中学初二物理实践活动小组设计了以下实验对声音进行探究。
实验一:使正在发声的音叉接触盆里的水,发现溅起水花。
实验二:用细线将一个小铃铛悬挂在软木塞的下端,并放置到烧瓶中,轻轻摇一摇瓶子,会听到清晰的“叮当”声,然后取下软木塞,将点燃的酒精棉球放人瓶中,待火熄灭后,迅速塞紧木塞,再摇瓶子,听到瓶子里的声音比原来小得多。
实验三:找一把木梳子,用硬纸片在梳子上划,先慢划,再快划,第二次纸片发出的声音比前一次尖(
以上三个实验中,实验 表明声源在振动(另外两个实验表明:
、 。
3
34. 下表是某同学探究“液体沸腾”时记录的实验数据 (在标准气压下):
1)根据探究数据记录,可以推测表中第 分钟时记录的实验数据可能是错误的。在图5中大致(
描出这种液体沸腾的图像。
(2)由上表数据分析可以推测实验中的液体的沸点是 。该物质可能是 。
图5 图6
(3)如图6甲、乙是该同学观察到液体沸腾前和沸腾时气泡在液体中的上升过程,其中 图是液体沸腾时的情况。
35、(4分)液体温度计是实验室常用的工具,它是根据 原理制成的。我国地域辽阔,同一天南北不同地方温度差别很大。如图(A)、(B)是十二月
某一天同一时刻在三亚和北京观测到的温度计的示意图。由图可知,三亚此
时温度为 ?,读作 ;
此时北京温度为 ?。
36((6分)如右图是某同学用体温计测热水温度(70?左右)的示意图(
请你指出他在实验中的错误:
(1)_____________________________________________________________;
(2)____________________________________________________________;
(3)______________________________________________________________
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作文十:《八年级英语国庆节作业》5200字
八年级英语国庆节作业
班别:______________ 姓名:_____________ 一、 完成英语手抄报一份,(内容有关国庆节的)。 二、 抄写创新书里每个Unit 的短语集锦,由第一模块抄到第三模
块。每个短语抄写两次,要写中文,字体要端正,并把所有的短语
和单词背记好。假期回来测验单词和短语。 三、 背书: Module 3 Unit2 。
四、 另外,完成下列练习:
一、 写出下列词的过去式和过去分词: eat____ _______; go ________ __________ see _____ _______
take______ ______ ; have _____ __________; write_____ _______
forget_____ _______ ; hear______ ________; speak ______ ______
grow_____ ________; show_______ _______ cost _____ ________
bright_____ _______; swim______ _______ tell_________ ________
首字母填空。
1. I can’t follow you, please r___________ the words.
2. M_____________ the colour with the word.
3. Don’t f ____________ to close the window when you leave.
4. Can you t___________ the English sentences into Chinese?
5. Congratulations. Your answer is c____________.
6. You’d better not make any m____________ in your spelling.
7. Can you give me some a______________?
8. Studying g____________ can improve your English.
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9. W___________ down the notes as you read.
10. Keeping a d___________ can improve your writing skills.
11.. Woman’s age is a s____________.
12. May has been to Dalian t______________.
13.. Shenzhou ? is an u____________ spaceship, isn’t it?
14.I have never seen a r__________ spaceship.
15.S____________are Italian food.
三、用词填空。
The earth is a _________ and it goes around the sun. Eight other
planets also go around the sun. None of them has an ___________ with air,
so people and things can’t grow. The sun and its planets _____ _____ the
solar system. It is a small _______of our galaxy. It is hard _____
understand how large the universe is. Scientists _____ _______ lots of
spacecraft to look at other planets in our solar system, and some spacecraft
have gone _______ the solar system. However, no one _______
_________ any life in space yet.
yet already
1. They haven’t been to Mars ______. 2. — Have they taken down the old pictures ______?
—No, not ___________.
3. I have finished the work _____.
4. Lucy hasn’t reached home _____. 5. He said he hadn’t visited the great wall _______.
1. They ______ already ______ (clean) the classroom.
2. Have they ________ (get) a bike? Yes, they _____.
3. Have you ______ (write) a letter to Tom? No, I _____.
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4. She ____ ______ ( see) the film before.
5. Li Lei ____ just ________ (eat) fish and chips.
6. I ______ _______ (do not) my homework yet.
7. Tom and Jim ____ _____ (be) to Qingdao before.
8. My mother ____ ____ (buy) a new car. She is driving it
now.
9. Have they ______ (find) the lost boy?
No, not yet. I ____ (look) for him everywhere, but I didn’t
find him.
10. - Has she been to Beijing? -Yes, she ____.
-When ____ she ______ (go) there? -Last month.
六、阅读理解
(1)
You have a lot of free time during the summer holiday. Don’t
waste this time, Use the time to do many things you always wa
nt to do. Think about the best way to spend the time.
Here are some advice:
1. Learn a skill (技能).
The summer holiday is a great time to learn how to do
something. For example, you can learn to draw, paint, play a
musical instrument, or cook.
2. Increase (增长) your knowledge.
Would you like to know more about a movie or music star? D
o you want to know more about China’s history? Do you want to
know moue about news around the world? Do you have manyquest
ions about the planets? This is a good time to get all your
questions answered. Books, magazines, and the Internet can all
help you learn.
3
3. Explore new places.
If you have the chance, you should travel with your family an
d friends. You can enjoy seeing new places in China. You can
try some new food. You can see some famous places. Ask your p
arents abut this idea. Some students do not still explore a new
place near your hometown. Perhaps you live near the countryside.G
o to visit this area. If the weather is nice, you can take a long
bike ride. Go to some places you do not always go to.
根据短文内容判断正 (T) 误 (F):
( )1. You can learn how to do something during the summer
holiday.
( )2. If you want to increase your knowledge, you only can
read books.
( )3. We shouldn’t use the Internet in summer holiday. ( )4. We can travel with our family and friends.
( )5. You can go bike riding when it is fine.
(2)
All students need to have good study habits. When you have
good study habits, you learn things quickly. You also remember
them easily. Do you like to study in the living room?
This is not a good place because it is usually too noisy.
You need to study in a quiet place, like your bedroom. A quite
place will help you only think about one thing, and you will learn
better. Before you begin to study, do not forget to clean your
desk. A good desk light is important, too. You’ll feel easy if there is enough light.
根据短文内容,完成下列句子。
1. If you want to learn things quickly, you should ____________
_____________.
2. Living room is not a good place to study because __________
_______________.
3. You will learn things quickly if the desk _______________.
4. __________ is important for the students to study well.
5. Do you have a good study habit? ______________________.
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