作文一:《玄石戒酒的答案》1000字
玄石戒酒的答案
1.玄石:刘玄石,《搜神记》中人物,传说他曾喝过“千日酒”后千日不醒。2.为酒困:困,陷在艰难痛苦或无法摆脱的环境中。为酒困,指因酗酒而陷于痛苦中。3.熏灼:烧灼、火烫,喻酒之伤害力。4.释:消除、解除。5.谓其人曰:对别人说。6.居:停止、止息。7.阅:经历。8.同饮:往日酒友。9.曰:(酒友劝他)说。10.始而三爵止:爵(jué),古代酒器。被劝复饮后第一天喝了三杯就不喝了。11.明日:第二天。12.大爵:用大杯,指没有节制地喝。13.忘其故:忘了他上次(的教训)。之:的
译文:
从前,玄石酗酒,有一次喝醉了,五脏如同被烧灼火烫, 华丝葛的肌肤骨头如同被蒸煮得要断裂,没有什么药可以解救,三天后才得以脱离生命危险。他对别人说:“我感到发挥这下才知道酒可以让人喝死,我不敢再饮酒了~”过了不到一个月,他的酒友来到,劝他说:“试着少喝点酒翻跟斗。”于是,他喝了三杯。第二天他感到风格喝了五杯,再后一天喝了十杯,再后一天干脆改用大杯了。因为忘个大概的记了之前差点感到风格 醉死的教训,最后还是因为酗酒而丢了性命。 者,玄石好酒,为酒困2。五脏熏灼3,肌骨蒸煮如裂,百药不能救。三日而后释4,谓其人曰5:“吾今而后知酒可以丧人也,吾不敢复饮矣~”居6不能阅7月,同饮8至,曰9:“试尝之。”始而三爵止10,明日11而五之,又明日十之,又明日而12大爵,忘其故13,死矣~
(明)刘基《郁离子》卷七
简注:
1.玄石:刘玄石,《搜神记》中人物,传说他曾喝过“千日酒”后千日不醒。2.为酒困:困,陷在艰难痛苦或无法摆脱的环境中。为酒困,指因酗酒而陷于痛苦中。3.熏灼:烧灼、火烫,喻酒之伤害力。4.释:消除、解除。5.谓其人曰:对别人说。6.居:停止、止息。7.阅:经历。8.同饮:往日酒友。9.曰:(酒友劝他)说。10.始而三爵止:爵(jué),古代酒器。被劝复饮后第一天喝了三杯就不喝了。11.明日:第二天。12.大爵:用大杯,指没有节制地喝。13.忘其故:忘了他上次(的教训)。
译文:
从前,玄石酗酒,有一次喝醉了,五脏如同被烧灼火烫,肌肤骨头如同被蒸煮得要断裂,没有什么药可以解救,三天后才得以脱离生命危险。他对别人说:“我这下才知道酒可以让人喝死,我不敢再饮酒了~”过了不到一个月,他的酒友来到,劝他说:“试着少喝点酒。”于是,他喝了三杯。第二天他喝了五杯,再后一天喝了十杯,再后一天干脆改用大杯了。因为忘记了之前差点醉死的教训,最后还是因为酗酒而丢了性命。
作文二:《玄石戒酒》1100字
玄石戒酒
目录
简注
译文
简评
玄石1好酒
昔者玄石嗜酒,为酒困2。五脏若熏灼3,肌骨如蒸煮,百药不得救。三日而后释4,谓其友曰5:“吾今而后知酒可以丧人也,吾不敢复饮矣~”居6不能7竟月,同饮者8携酒至,曰9:“试尝之。”始而三爵止10,明日11而五之,又明日十之,又明日而12大爵,忘其故13,死矣。
??臭性14之所耽15,不能绝也。
(明)刘基《郁离子》卷七
编辑本段简注
1.玄石:刘玄石,《搜神记》中人物,传说他曾喝过“千日酒”后千日不醒。
2.困:困扰
3.熏灼:烧灼、火烫,喻酒之伤害力。
4.释:消除。
5.谓其人曰:对别人说。
6.居:停止、止息。
7.能:满
8.同饮者:往日喝酒的人。
9.曰:(酒友劝他)说。
10.始而三爵止:爵(jué),古代的酒杯。被劝复饮后第一天喝了三杯就不喝了。
11.明日:第二天。
12.大爵:用大杯,指没有节制地喝。
13.忘其故:忘了他上次(的教训)。
14臭(xiu)性:本性。
15.耽:沉溺。
编辑本段译文
从前有一个叫做玄石的人喜爱喝酒。有一次喝醉了,五脏如同被烧灼火烫,肌肤骨头如同被蒸煮得要断裂,没有什么药可以解救,三天后才得
以脱离生命危险。他对别人说:“我这下才知道酒可以让人喝死,我不敢再饮酒了~”过了不到一个月,他的酒友来到,劝他说:“试着少喝点酒。”于是,他喝了三杯。第二天他喝了五杯,再后一天喝了十杯,再后一天干脆改用大杯了。因为忘记了之前差点醉死的教训,最后还是因为酗酒而丢了性命。
玄石这样的酒鬼,嗜酒如命是他的本性,因此让他戒酒根本办不到。(言外之意就好比:鱼生在水里是它的本性,试图用水淹死鱼根本办不到) 编辑本段简评
《郁离子》说,在齐国做官的黔中,因贪贿丢官后对豢龙先生表示已吸取教训,请豢龙先生为他荐举。豢龙先生在拒绝时举了玄石酗酒例,本义是说人之“好贿”如“猫不能无食鱼,鸡不能无食虫,犬不能无食臭”一样,是“性之所耽,不能绝也。”在没有证据说明黔中已确实改过前,不再举荐是对的,但豢龙先生的依据无疑偏颇了。人是有思想、有意志的高等动物,完全可以成功地约束自己、改变自己。由古到今,像黔中这样无自制力的人确实大有人在,但能够成功戒酒、戒烟、戒毒、戒赌、戒贪的成功者也比比皆是。当然,极为不易。不过,一个人只要有坚强的毅力,改变自己的不良品性就是完全可能的。戊戌变法失败后不久,梁启超勉励处逆境同人不要灰心继续前进,特撰《论毅力》一文,其中一语直截了当,很为精彩,当为我辈终生记取,其语曰:“何以成,何以败,曰:有毅力者成,反是者败。”
作文三:《醉酒》5200字
我国拟规定醉驾伤人保险公司要赔偿
昨天上午, 最高人民法院在官网发布 《关于审理道路交通事故损害赔偿案件适用法律若干问 题的解释 (征求意见稿 ) 》 。意见稿针对实践中的改装车发生交通事故保险公司是否理赔、医 保外的医疗支出是否应该获得赔偿, 酒店代客泊车、 机动车陪练、 试驾等发生的交通事故如 何划分保险公司和相关当事人的责任, 都做出了明确规定。 其中第十七条明确规定, 对于醉 驾、毒驾伤人的情况,保险公司要在机动车第三者责任强制保险责任限额范围内予以赔偿。
保险公司当赔
条款:有下列情形之一导致人身损害的,应当按照道路交通安全法第七十六条的规定, 由保险公司在机动车第三者责任强制保险责任限额范围内予以赔偿:(一 ) 驾驶人未取得驾驶 资格、醉酒、吸毒、滥用麻醉药品或者精神药品后驾驶机动车发生交通事故的; (二 ) 被保险 人故意制造交通事故的;
保险公司自向赔偿权利人赔偿之日起, 有权向被保险人追偿。 追偿权自保险公司实际赔 偿之日起计算诉讼时效。
解读:东城法院保险专案法官王磊说, 《机动车交通事故责任强制险保险条例》 22条规 定:“有下列情形之一的,保险公司在机动车交通事故责任强制保险责任限额范围内垫付抢 救费用, 并有权向致害人追偿:驾驶人未取得驾驶资格或者醉酒的; 被保险机动车被盗抢期 间肇事的; 被保险人故意制造道路交通事故的。 有前款所列情形之一, 发生道路交通事故的, 造成受害人的财产损失,保险公司不承担赔偿责任。 ”
保险公司的责任免除条款也会列明醉酒、 吸毒等驾车发生交通事故造成的损害, 保险公 司可不予理赔。 在实践中, 对于醉酒等情况下造成的人身损害保险公司是否应该赔偿也存在 一定争议。 因此, 此前, 有些法院在审理此类案件时倾向于判决认定保险公司仅承担垫付责 任,垫付责任以外的不予赔偿。
王磊说,保险公司承担的垫付抢救费用是 1万元,而交强险的最高赔偿限额是 12.2万 元, 该条款有利于保障交通事故受害者的权利。 但他认为, 征求意见稿中的赔偿责任限额与 《机动车交通事故责任强制险保险条例》 规定中的垫付抢救责任不太一致, 有待于进一步明 确,比如这个赔偿责任限额是否包括伤残赔偿金。
在交强险范围内获赔
条款:被保险机动车在机动车第三者责任强制保险合同有效期内发生改装、 加装、 使用 性质改变等导致危险程度增加以及影响保险费增加情形的, 发生交通事故后, 保险公司应当 在机动车第三者责任强制保险责任限额范围内予以赔偿。 保险公司请求投保人按照重新核定 后的保险费标准补足当期保险费的,人民法院应予支持。
解读:王磊称, 此前在审理改装车、 加装车的事故理赔案件时,保险公司将其视为免责 情形。这个条款明确规定这种情形在机动车第三者责任强制保险责任限额范围内予以赔偿。 这个条款将机动车改装、加装等与保险风险联系更加合理。
出事故可减轻责任
条款:免费搭乘机动车发生交通事故造成搭乘人损害, 被搭乘方有过错的, 应当承担赔 偿责任,但可以适当减轻其责任。搭乘人有过错的,应当减轻被搭乘方的责任。
解读:王磊法官说, 条款明确机动车驾驶员免费载人发生交通事故, 造成搭乘人人身损 害的, 如驾驶员有过错, 应当赔偿但可适当减轻责任。搭车人有过错的,应减轻驾驶员的责 任。这个条款实际上是对免费搭车行为的鼓励。比如,在社会生活中, 司机会经常遇到路边 受伤或需要帮助的搭车人, 这个条款的规定鼓励司机见义勇为免费搭乘, 有利于社会关系的 调整。
可依公平原则定责
条款方案一:两辆或两辆以上的机动车发生交通事故造成损害, 根据各侵权人的过错和 原因力等因素能够合理分开各自造成的损害, 由各赔偿义务人各自承担相应的赔偿责任; 不 能合理分开各自造成的损害的, 应区分不同情况, 依据侵权责任法第十条、 第十一条的规定 确定责任。
方案二:两辆或两辆以上的机动车发生交通事故造成损害, 人民法院应当根据各侵权人 的过错和原因力等因素, 区分不同情况, 分别适用侵权责任法第十条、 第十一条或第十二条 的规定。
解读:王磊法官说, 侵权责任法第十二条规定的是二人以上实施侵权行为造成同一损害, 难以确定责任大小的, 平均承担赔偿责任。 涉及到两辆或两辆以上的车发生事故造成损害的 责任划分上,对比这两个方案, 区别在于是否适用公平原则。 在没有优势证据的情况下,法 院可依据公平原则来明确责任如何承担。
管理方无责可不赔
条款:行人、非机动车驾驶人进入高速公路引发交通事故,造成自身损害的, 高速公路 管理单位已尽到安全防护、 警示等管理义务, 赔偿权利人请求其承担责任的, 人民法院不予 支持。
解读:大兴法院法官赵玉东称, 此前有关行人进入高速造成自身损害的, 高速公路管理 单位应该承担多大的责任, 相关法律并不明确。 法院在审理中, 一般是按照侵权责任的过错 原则来划分责任。该条款规定明确,有利于统一裁判标准。
特别条款
交通事故损害赔偿案合并审理
条款:机动车交通事故中的赔偿权利人起诉的, 人民法院应当将赔偿义务人和承保机动 车第三者责任强制保险的保险公司分支机构列为共同被告。 但该保险公司分支机构已经在机
动车第三者责任强制保险限额内予以赔偿且赔偿权利人无异议的除外。
机动车一方投保商业第三者责任险, 有下列情形之一的, 人民法院可以根据赔偿权利人 或赔偿义务人的请求, 将承保商业第三者责任险的保险公司分支机构列为共同被告, 但商业 第三者责任保险合同中约定了有效的仲裁条款的除外:(一 ) 被保险人已向保险人提出赔偿保 险金的请求,但保险人未在合同约定的期间内作出核定的; (二 ) 被保险人对保险人作出的拒 绝赔偿保险金通知书有异议的; (三 ) 被保险人对保险人核定的赔偿保险金数额有异议的。
解读:王磊解释说, 这个条款是一大进步,对交通事故损害赔偿案件合并审理,一次性 解决问题。 目前法院的审理模式是, 交通事故涉及到第三者责任强制险的案件, 放在民事审 判庭审理; 机动车投保了商业第三者责任险的,由商事审判庭审理。因此, 征求意见稿明确 可将承保商业第三者责任险的保险公司分支机构列为共同被告, 这个条款跨越两种不同的法 律关系,有利于更充分地保障受害者获得经济赔偿的权利,同时减少了当事人的诉累。
不唯“交通事故认定书”定责任
条款:法院应在综合分析交通管理部门依法制作的交通事故认定书、 交通事故现场照片、 鉴定结论、 勘查笔录、 影像数据及其他证据的基础上, 根据机动车交通事故各方当事人的过 错及原因力等因素认定各自的损害赔偿责任。
有充分证据足以推翻公安机关交通管理部门制作的交通事故认定书的, 人民法院应确认 其证明力。
解读:北京市隆安律师事务所尹富强律师说,该条款进一步明确了“交通事故认定书” 的证据效力问题,且明确了“交通事故认定书”与鉴定结论、 影像数据等其他证据具有同等 地位,可以避免唯“交通事故认定书”论的问题。
其他规定
下列情形, 由保险公司在机动车第三者责任强制保险责任限额范围内予以赔偿; 不足部 分,按照下列规定承担赔偿责任:
酒店、 宾馆等服务场所提供泊车、 代驾等服务过程中发生交通事故造成损害的, 由提供 服务方承担赔偿责任;接受服务方对损害的发生有过错的,承担相应的赔偿责任;
机动车试驾过程中发生交通事故造成损害的, 由驾驶人承担赔偿责任; 提供试驾服务一 方对损害的发生有过错的,承担相应的赔偿责任;
机动车驾驶的受训人员在培训活动中发生交通事故造成损害的, 由驾驶培训单位承担赔 偿责任;
机动车陪练过程中发生交通事故造成损害的, 由驾驶人承担赔偿责任; 陪练人对损害的 发生有过错的,承担相应的赔偿责任。 (
如实履行告知义务
众所周知, 保单是约定双方权利与义务的有效合同, 也是具有 法律 效力的契约, 一旦生 效必须不折不扣地履行。 投保时, 不论投保人还是保险人都须如实告知对方实情, 这不仅是 基本的业务程序,也是保险条款的硬性规定。
车险投保同样如此, 作为保险人, 保险公司会讲清现有车险种类、 保险期限、 保险责任、 除外责任、保额如何确定、发生事故怎样赔偿、附加险种的责任范围等。而对于车主,就车 辆的车龄、品牌、车况、事故记录和车主的驾龄等,投保人均应如实告诉保险公司。尽管内 容听来繁琐, 实际上车主认真阅读保单或宣传材料就会一目了然。 只要诚实地履行上述告知 义务,今后就会避免不必要的麻烦,使自身权益得到可靠的保障。
知情方能维权
作为保险合同的一方, 车主同样有应该履行的义务, 熟知条款内容就是其中之一, 我们 不妨来看一则案例。
一位车主投保了车损险和全车盗抢险, 外出办事时, 他将车停放在对方单位门前。 但准 备驾车离开时, 发现车门有被人撬过的痕迹, 打开一看, 放在里面的包不见了,而且车门的 中控车锁也坏了。 此刻, 他想起曾投保了全车盗抢险, 虽然车内存放的物品不在赔偿范围内, 但中控车锁属于车上的部件,应能获赔。
于是, 在向公安部门报警的同时,车主也向保险公司报案并提出了索赔要求。 然而,却 被后者告知,按照合同条款的规定, 此次事故不在保险赔偿范围内。车主当即表示,不能接 受保险公司的处理意见,继而投诉到媒体和相关部门。
但是, 当处理投诉的人员到保险公司问及不履行赔偿的根据时, 保险工作人员亮出的依 据却让大家失笑, 原来, 就在车主手中所持的全车盗抢险保险单的背面, 已经清楚地列明保
险公司承担保险责任范围内的全车盗抢损失赔偿, 而不负责车辆某个部件被盗抢的损失。 面 对此情此景,车主哑口无言。
其实,其他车险条款也大抵如此,每个车险险种都有除外责任(即不负责赔偿责任), 车主只有做到“知其然又知其所以然”,才能分清保险责任,解除后顾之忧。
“全险”并非全能赔
随着保险意识的增强,许多车主愿意多花钱投一份“全险”,目的就在于一旦发生各类 事故,可以顺理成章地从保险公司得到全额赔偿。但事实却并非如此。
如一位投保了机动车保险全险的私家车主, 将车停放在楼下时, 楼上掉落的杂物把车顶 窗砸坏,他认为既然买了全险, 自然全部损失都得由保险公司赔偿。没想到,前去索赔却遇 到了麻烦, 保险公司依据车损险条款的规定, 告知车主需提供当地公安部门开具的有关事故 原因的证明, 且车主作为被保险人, 也要承担一定比例的免赔额。 车主对保险公司的处理意 见不服,随即找了律师咨询,后者认真研究保险条款后, 告诉他此条款属于列明式条款,当 出现上述事故造成车辆损失后, 车主若想得到赔偿, 必须提供相应的证明材料, 否则就不能 赔偿,保险公司的做法依法合规,无可非议。最终,车主听从了律师的劝告,及时到派出所 开具事故原因证明,顺利地办妥了理赔。
目前保险市场上的车辆全险只是一个模糊概念, 界定尚不清晰, 而一些车主投保时听信 代理人 的过分渲染, 对车险的主险和附加险具体内容知之不多, 以偏概全, 片面地认为投保 险种越多就能得到越多赔偿。其实,一辆车并不可能做到全部投保,这是车主购买“全险” 时应当避免的误区。
注意盗抢险和划痕险
需要提醒车主的是,眼下,车险普遍执行的是机动车保险(ABC )条款。与过去相比, 这一保险条款变化较大的有机动车盗抢险和车身划痕险。
现在,机动车盗抢险已经成为主险,车主可以单独投保该险种,且保险责任没有变动。 不过, 该险种在除外责任中特别增加了“驾驶人饮酒、吸食或注射毒品、被药物麻醉后使用 的被保险机动车”的内容,换言之, 若因这样的行为导致被保险车辆被盗抢,保险公司不负 赔偿。 此外,保险条款还规定, 投保时指定驾驶人,保险事故发生时为非指定驾驶人使用被 保险机动车的,增加免赔率 5%;投保时约定行驶区域,保险事故发生在约定区域以外的, 增加免赔率 10%。这些都是车主要格外注意的事项,在投保时,务必如实填写保单,并提供 被保险机动车行驶证复印件、 机动车登记证书复印件。 若指定驾驶人的, 应提供被指定驾驶 人的驾驶证复印件。 在保险期间内, 被保险机动车改装、 加装等, 导致被保险机动车危险程 度增加的, 也应及时书面通知保险人。 否则, 因被保险机动车危险程度增加而发生的保险事 故,保险公司不承担赔偿。
在投保车身划痕损失险时,车主须清楚下列内容:凡投保了机动车损失保险的机动车, 可投保此险种。 对无明显碰撞痕迹的车身划痕损失, 保险公司负责赔偿。 而被保险人及其家 庭成员、 驾驶人及其家庭成员的故意行为造成的损失, 保险公司不负赔偿。 该险种的保险金 额为 2000元、 5000元、 10000元或 20000元,由投保人和保险公司协商确定。该险种的赔 偿处理为:在保险金额内按实际修理费用计算赔偿;每次赔偿实行 15%的免赔率;在保险期 间内,累计赔款金额达到保险金额,该附加险的保险责任终止。
作文四:《醉酒》4900字
醉酒
内容
?概念与分类
?醉酒对机体的危害
?发病的原因和机制
?临床表现
?检查方法
?生活禁忌及治疗
一、概 念
?酒精中毒(alcoholism )系指饮酒所致的精神和躯体障碍。酒精中毒与遗传、身体 状况、心理、环境和社会等诸多因素有关,个体差异较大,遗传被认为是起关键作 用的因素。
?酒精依赖(alcoholic dependence)系指慢性酒精中毒者一旦停饮,可产生一系列戒 断症状。实际上酒精依赖者经常处于中毒状态中。
二、分类
?急性酒精中毒(醉酒) :由于一次饮入过量的酒精或酒类饮料引起的中枢神经系统 先兴奋后抑制作用,表现为一系列的中枢神经系统症状,并对肝、肾、胃、脾、心 脏等人体重要脏器造成伤害,严重的可以导致死亡。大多数成人致死量为纯酒精 250-500ml 。
?慢性酒精中毒:由于长期过量饮酒导致的精神和躯体障碍。
三、损害主要靶器官
?胃:急性胃粘膜病变,急性胃炎、出血、糜烂。
?肝:急性肝坏死
脂肪肝、慢性肝纤维化,发展为肝硬化
?中枢神经系统:大脑 ----脑萎缩(机制不清) 。 研究表明,人饮酒时,体
内甲硫氨酸的分解过程受到干扰,导致分解过程中的中间
产物 “ 同型半胱氨酸 ” 在人体内含量升高,而这一物质能损伤大脑细胞。 小脑 ----共济失调
?胰腺:诱发重症胰腺炎
?周围神经:末梢神经炎
?肌肉:可诱发低钾性周期性麻痹
?意外损伤:车祸、烧伤、骨折等
?酒精性胎儿征候群:酒精在胎儿体内代谢和排泄速率较慢,对发育中的胎儿造成各 种伤害,包括胎儿畸型、胎死腹中、生长迟滞及行为缺陷等。
?严重者酒精抑制呼吸与循环中枢导致死亡 。
四、发病机理 :乙醇为脂溶性,能通过血脑屏障,作用脑内苯二氮卓 -γ氨基丁酸受体 (BZ-GABA受体 ) 减弱 GABA 对中枢的抑制作用(兴奋期 ), 随着血中乙醇浓度的增加,继之 皮层下中枢和小脑活动受累(共济失调期) ,逐步发展作用于网状结构,引起昏睡、昏迷、 最后使延髓的血管运动中枢和呼吸中枢受到抑制,严重的发生循环、呼吸衰竭。可使肝脏 糖异生受阻,出现低血糖。
酒精在人体的分解代谢:
肝脏
肝脏中的两种酶:乙醇脱氢酶 乙醛脱氢酶
ATP
乙醇脱氢酶,乙醛脱氢酶
不善饮酒,酒量在合理标准以下的人,即属于乙醛脱氢酶数量不足或完全缺乏 的人。对于善饮酒的人,如果饮酒过多、过快,超过了两种酶的分解能力,也会发生醉酒。 排泄途径:
肾、肺、皮肤
五、急性中毒临床表现
(一)兴奋期
血乙醇浓度达到(50mg/dl) :头痛,欣快,兴奋、反射减慢、视敏度减低等;
血乙醇浓度超过(75mg/dl) :健谈、饶舌、情绪不稳定、 自负、易激惹、可有粗鲁行 为或攻击行动,也可能沉默、孤僻;
血乙醇浓度达到(100mg/dl) :驾车易发生车祸。
(二)共济失调期 :血乙醇浓度达到(150mg/dl) ,肌肉运动不协调,行动笨拙,言语含 糊不清,视力模糊、步态不稳。浓度达到(200mg/dl) ,出现恶心、呕吐、困倦。
(三)昏迷期:血乙醇浓度升至(250mg/dl) ,患者进入昏迷期,表现昏睡,体温降低, 血乙醇超过(400mg/dl) ,患者陷入深昏迷,心率快,血压下降,呼吸慢而有鼾音,可出现 呼吸、循环麻痹而有生命危险。
对重度昏睡者,使其头部偏向一侧或让其侧卧,以防呕吐时食物吸入气管而导致窒 息。 如果患者心跳加快,呼吸减慢或不规则,或者出现抽搐、大小便失禁等情况,为危 险症状,应立即打 120呼救电话,送患者到医院诊治。
中毒机理:酒精为中枢神经的抑制剂,为什么饮酒者会表现为兴奋状态?
乙醇为脂溶性, 能通过血脑屏障, 作用脑内苯二氮卓 -γ氨基丁酸受体 (BZ-GABA受体 ) 减弱 GABA 对中枢的抑制作用 (兴奋期 ), 随着血中乙醇浓度的增加, 继之皮层下中枢和小脑活动 受累(共济失调期) ,逐步发展作用于网状结构,引起昏睡、昏迷、最后使延髓的血管运动 中枢和呼吸中枢受到抑制,严重的发生循环、呼吸衰竭。可使肝脏糖异生受阻,出现低血 糖。
?车辆驾驶人员血液酒精含量临界值
行为类别 对象 临界值(mg/100ml)
饮酒驾车 车辆驾驶人员 20
醉酒驾车 车辆驾驶人员 80
有关专家根据标准大体估算了一下 :
20mg/100ml大致相当于一杯啤酒 ;
80mg/100ml,则相当于 3两低度白酒或者 2瓶啤酒;
100mg/100ml,大致相当于半斤低度白酒或者 3瓶啤酒。
饮酒后要不要洗胃?
? 饮酒后 90%以上的乙醇约 0.5-1h 左右在胃肠道被吸收入血, 1-2h 达到高峰。
1、 喝酒后半小时内,无呕吐,深度昏迷,向家属建议洗胃。
2、喝酒后 0.5-2小时内,无呕吐,深度昏迷,家属要求洗胃的,可以洗胃。
3、无法判断是否同时服用其他药物(特别是安定类药物) ,必须向家属建议洗胃。
有哪些方法可以检测是否醉酒?
急性中毒时呼气中乙醇浓度与血清乙醇浓度相当
(1)呼气酒精含量检验 :呼气酒精含量采用呼出气体酒精含量探测器进行检验。
(2)血液酒精含量检验:
(3)人体平衡试验 : 步行回转试验和单腿直立试验应在结实、干燥、不滑、 照明良好的环 境下进行。
?A.2.1 步行回转试验即被试人员沿着一条直线行走九步,边走边大声数步数 (1, 2, 3, … 9) ,然后转身按原样返回。试验时,分讲解和行走两个阶段进行。讲解阶段, 被试人员按照脚跟对脚尖的方式站立在直线的一端,两手在身体两侧自然下垂,听 试验人员的试验过程讲解。行走阶段,被试人员在得到试验人员行走指令后,开始 行走。
A.2.2 试验中,试验人员观察以下八个指标,符合二个以上的,视为暂时丧失驾驶 能力
1) 在讲解过程中,被试人员失去平衡 (失去原来的脚跟对脚尖的姿态 ) :
2) 讲解结束之前,开始行走;
3) 为保持自身平衡,在行走时停下来;
4) 行走时,脚跟与脚尖不能互相碰撞,至少间隔 1.5cm ;
5) 行走时偏离直线;
6) 用手臂进行平衡 (手臂离开原位置 15cm 以上 ) :
7) 失去平衡或转弯不当:
8) 走错步数
?A.3.1 单腿直立试验即被试人员一只脚站立,向前提起另一只脚距地面 15cm 以上, 脚趾向前,脚底平行地面,并大声用千位数计数 (1001, 1002, 1003, … ) ,持续三
十秒钟。试验时,分讲解、平衡与计数两个阶段。讲解阶段,被试人员双脚同时站 立,两手在身体两侧自然下垂,听试验人员的试验过程讲解。平衡与计数阶段,被 试人员一只脚站立并开始计数。
?A.3.2 试验中,试验人员观察以下四个指标,符合二个以上的,视为暂时丧失驾驶 能力。
1) 在平衡时发生摇晃,前后、左右摇摆 15cm 以上;
2) 用手臂进行平衡,手臂离开原位置 15cm 以上;
3) 为保持平衡单脚跳;
4) 放下提起的脚
六、诊断
1、有饮酒史,呼出气中有酒精气味,有酒精中毒的临床表现
2、测血清中乙醇浓度
3、测血清电解质及血糖(可引起低血钾、低血镁、低血钙、低血糖) ,心电图等
七、治疗
轻度中毒者
?制止继续饮酒
?解酒:梨子、马蹄、西瓜之类的水果
?卧床休息
?注意保暖
?避免呕吐物阻塞呼吸道
?观察呼吸和脉搏的情况,如无特别,一觉醒来即可自行康复
昏迷患者重点是维持生命脏器的功能:
(1)维持气道通畅,供氧充足,必要时人工呼吸,气管插管。
(2)维持循环功能,注意血压、脉搏,静脉补充液体。
(3)心电图监测心率失常和心肌损害。
(4)保暖,维持正常体温。
(5)维持水、电解质、酸碱平衡。
(6)保持大脑功能, 应用纳洛酮 0.4-0.6mg 缓慢静注, 有助于缩短昏迷时间, 必要时可重 复用药。
(7)严重急性中毒时可用血液透析或腹膜透析促使酒精排出体外。
用咖啡和浓茶解酒 ?
浓茶 (含茶碱 ) 、咖啡能兴奋神经中枢,有醒酒的作用。但是
?咖啡和茶碱都有利尿作用,可能加重急性酒精中毒时机体的失水,而且有可能使乙 醇在转化成乙醛后来不及再分解就从肾脏排出,从而对肾脏起毒性作用;
?咖啡和茶碱有兴奋心脏、加快心率的作用,与酒精兴奋心脏的作用相加,可加重心 脏的负担;
?咖啡和茶碱加重酒精对胃黏膜的刺激
报道
?2011年 12月 23日,武汉一家公司的文员小钟参加单位年终聚会,喝了酒后,年轻 人又转战酒吧, 不知何时, 小钟歪倒在沙发上 “ 睡着了 ” , 散场时, 却再也喊不醒了。 ?医生诊断:小钟系醉酒后呕吐或痰液无法排出,阻塞气管,窒息死亡。
提醒:人在醉酒状态下,意识模糊,无主动排痰能力,痰液或呕吐物会阻塞气
管,导致窒息。因此,一旦发现醉酒者昏迷不醒,最好及时送往医院。
怎样喝酒才不容易喝醉 ? (生活禁忌)
1、不要空腹饮酒,因为空腹时酒精吸收快,人容易喝醉;而且空腹喝酒对胃肠道伤害大, 容易引起胃出血、胃溃疡,最好的预防方法就是在喝酒之前,先行食用油质食物,如肥肉、 蹄膀等,或饮用牛奶利用食物中脂肪不易消化的特性来保护胃部,以防止酒精渗透胃壁。 不要空腹饮酒,这是饮酒不易醉的主要诀窍,因为这样可使乙醇在体内吸收时间延长。
2、不要和碳酸饮料如可乐、汽水等一起喝,这类饮料中的成分能加快身体吸收酒精。
3、由于酒精对肝脏的伤害较大,喝酒的时候应该多吃绿叶蔬菜,其中的抗氧化剂和维生素 可保护肝脏。还可以吃一些豆制品,其中的卵磷脂有保护肝脏的作用。
4、如果有人身不由己喝得太多,可以事后吃一些水果,或者喝一些果汁,因为水果和果汁 中的酸性成分可以中和酒精。很多人酒后往往不吃饭,这样危害更大,应吃一些容易消化 的食物,比如来一碗面条就非常好。
5、宜慢不宜快。饮酒后五分钟乙醇就可进入血液, 30— 120分钟时血中乙醇浓度可达到顶 峰。饮酒快则血中乙醇浓度升高得也快,很快就会出现醉酒状态。若慢慢饮入,体内可有 充分的时间把乙醇分解掉,乙醇的产生量就少,不易喝醉。
6、 吃药后绝对不要喝酒, 特别是在服过安眠药、 镇静剂、 感冒药之后, 更是绝对不能喝酒。
我国自古就有 “ 酒不混饮 ” 之说
原因是白酒、葡萄酒、啤酒等这些酒的成分不一样。白酒除少量的杂醇油外,主要 是乙醇;而啤酒中含有肽及氨基酸、无机盐、维生素、抗氧化物质如多酚类物质等 很多成分。其中有一些物质可以促进乙醇的吸收。
报道:
? 武汉普仁医院 2012年元月 1日收治了一例醉酒者,那位 23岁的年轻人服用头孢期 间饮酒醉倒,送来时已经双颊潮红,意识模糊,情况十分危重。
? 元月 2日又收治了位老先生。 61岁的张先生因慢性支气管炎发作, 输了几天头孢类 抗生素,医生叮嘱他不能喝酒。 2日家庭聚会,他想,已停药两天了,应该不碍事 了,哪知一口白酒刚下肚,马上就感到头晕胸闷、四肢冰冷、全身抖动。医生诊断 为:酒精遇到体内头孢类药物产生了中毒反应。
? 这类药物中的特定成分遇到酒精时,会影响肝脏中分解酒精的酶的代谢,使人体加 速产生醉酒乃至酒精中毒的症状。
?
2007年 1月至 2012年 1月共收治急性酒精中毒合并多脏器损害患者 5例,现报道如下。 ? 1 临床资料
1.1 病例选择。急性酒精中毒合并多脏器损害 5例,男性 4例,女性 1例。年 龄 20-30岁 1例, 30-40岁 3例, 40-50岁 1例,有高血压病史 2例。
1.2 临床表现。 所有患者均在饮酒后 10小时内发病, 饮入白酒量约半斤至一斤 半。发病后 4小时内就诊(3例) , 1例 6小时后就诊, 1例约 14小时就诊。 5例患 者均有不同程度的意识障碍,其中谵妄状态(2例) ,浅昏迷(2例) ,重度昏迷(1例) 。其中 1例高血压患者浅昏迷,喷射性呕吐,诊断脑出血。 2例谵妄状态患者均 呕吐咖啡色样为内容物,其中 1例合并心肌损害, 1例合并心肌及肾功能损害。 1例浅昏迷患者心脏、肝脏、肾脏等多脏器功能损害。 1例重度昏迷患者多脏器损害,
并出现代谢性酸中毒及高钾血症,入院近 1小时突然出现心跳骤停、呼吸停止,抢 救无效死亡。
? 1.3 治疗及预后。呕吐者及时清理呼吸道异物,保持呼吸道通畅,给予鼻导管吸氧 或面罩吸氧。 均应用纳洛酮 1.2-2.0mg 静点解酒, 醒脑静 20ml 促醒, 泮托拉唑 80mg 抑酸、保护胃黏膜以及预防及减轻上消化道出血。
? 其它治疗:脑出血;肾功能衰竭;肝功能受损;电解质紊乱
作文五:《25迎接新年的搞笑相声剧本《醉酒》 阅读》1200字
迎接新年的搞笑相声剧本《醉酒》 迎接新年的搞笑相声剧本《醉酒》
甲 好日子不能不喝酒!
乙 对!
甲 您一顿能喝多少酒?
乙 我只能喝四两。
甲 四两?我请您一斤。
乙 哎,喝多啦就醉啦。
甲 好啊。
乙 醉了还好?
甲 我最爱瞧醉鬼。
乙 啊?为什么呀?
甲 为了体验生活。
乙 噢,瞧着醉鬼体验生活?
甲 您看人小品剧本大全喝醉了有意思。
乙 是啊?
甲 哎。什么样的都有。
乙 对了,什么模样的都有。
甲 有的人喝醉了,睡觉。
乙 哎,睡觉这是比较好的。
甲 这是最好的。喝醉了一声不言语,找边儿上一忍,睡着啦。
乙 会着凉啊!
甲 有次几个朋友喝酒,其中一个人倒在路边睡着了,我们也抬不动他,就商量给他
找些东西盖上,别着凉了。几天后见到他,他说第二天醒来发现身上放着三辆自行车。
乙 嘿!这个有意思!
甲 有的人啊,喝醉了他生事!
乙 这是最讨厌的。
甲 有次有个醉酒者去银行办业务又不记得密码,柜员叫他打电话问家人,他在密码
键盘按了一串数字,然后问柜员:“话筒呢?”
乙 这不欠揍嘛!
甲 这还不算最讨厌的!
乙 还有?
甲 酒后最不能做的是开车!
乙 害人不浅!
甲 有酒后开车撞伤行人,交警捉获后警告他,酒后开车,要重罚!
乙 必须的!
甲 他还打着饱嗝说,哥们儿,罚几杯?
乙 那交警会不会气得毙了他呀?
甲 交警是人民好干部!他们最多开多几张罚单!
乙 哎哟,那银行的要写收据写到抽筋咯!
甲 其实,酒有时也是好东西!
乙 咋说?
甲 有个人性格腼腆,苦恋一美貌靓女,却始终不敢表露心迹,终日借酒浇愁。
乙 年轻人大多这样!
阅读网 ://.yuedu56./ ://m.yuedu56./ 阅读答案://.yuedu56./daan/ ://m.yuedu56./daan/
甲 酒后豪气顿生,打电话向靓女说:我爱你,爱你爱得都快要发疯了……
乙 通常剧情发展到这个地步,他们最后幸福地在一起了。
甲 但他最后问了句:“你知道我是谁吗?”靓女说:“不知道”他说“那就好”就挂了电话。阅读网://.yuedu56./ 阅读网://m.yuedu56./
阅读网 ://.yuedu56./ ://m.yuedu56./ 阅读答案://.yuedu56./daan/
://m.yuedu56./daan/
作文六:《学业水平考试模拟测试一及答案 醉酒驾车作文》23300字
有人形容高尔夫的18洞就好像人生障碍重重~坎不。 然而一旦踏上了球尔~就必尔集中注意力~ 坷断你独 立面尔比尔中可能出尔的各尔困尔~且承一切后果。 也尔~常常尔遇到尔尔的情,尔尔尔在尔到一小尔球而尔呼雀尔~并担会况你抓个 下一刻大尔就把小白球吹了~或者才在上一洞尔了柏忌~ 下一洞就尔了老尔而尔尔不已。跑你个个你抓
A. Her oldest child will learn something different. 尔水平考尔模尔尔尔一学 B. Her oldest child will learn Chinese medicine.第一部分 力 ;共尔~ 尔分听两分,20 C. Her other two children will learn something different.第尔;共小尔~ 每小尔 分~ 尔分分,1515听第段材料~回答第至尔。81113
下面五段尔尔~每段尔尔后有一小尔~尔中所尔的听个从A、 B、 三尔尔中尔出最佳尔尔~尔在尔卷的相尔个并C11. What’s being a salesperson like according to Miss Strong?位置。完每段尔尔后~都有听你秒尔的尔尔回答有尔小尔和尔尔下一小尔。每段尔尔只尔一遍。来10 A. It’s a difficult job. B. It’s one of the easiest jobs. C. Most of the time it’s badly paid.
1. What will they do this weekend?12. What’s the main reason why Miss Strong wants to make money?
A. Have a singing petition. B. Go sightseeing. C. Visit the headmaster. A. To support her children. B. To pay some debts off. C. To lead a better life.
2. What’s the most probable relationship between the two speakers?13. What does the man want to do?
A. Colleagues B. Teacher and student C. Relative A. Donate some money to the school in Africa. 3. Who is wearing a red shirt?B. Go to Africa and help build the school.
A. Helen B. Helen’s friend C. Tom C. Lend money to the woman.
4. What does the woman probably do?听第段材料~回答第至尔。91417
A. She is a doctor. B. She is a teacher. C. She is a student.14. How did Mr. Jackson’s three children bee so well-educated?5. Where did the man go last night? A. Their father taught them. B. Their mother taught them. C. They learned by themselves.
A. He t to the theatre. B. He t to his friend’s. C. He t to the hospital.15. When did Jenny begin to read books without pictures?第二尔 ;共小尔~每小尔分~ 尔分分,15115 A. At the age of 2. B. At the age of 3. C. At the age of 4.听下面段尔尔或白。每段尔尔或白后有小尔~尔中所尔的独独几个从A、B、三尔尔中尔出最佳尔尔~尔在尔个并5C16. What was Ann like as a child?卷的相尔位置。每段尔尔或白前~有尔尔尔尔各小尔~每小尔听独你将个个秒尔~完后~各小尔尔出听秒尔的55
A. She liked reading. B. She was noisy and naughty. C. She liked singing.作答尔尔~每段尔尔或白尔遍。独两
17. Who is Mr. Jackson’s youngest child?听第段材料~回答第、尔。667
A. Jenny. B. Ann. C. Helen6. How long did the woman probably stay in Russia?
听第段材料~回答第至尔。101820 A. For only a month. B. For two months. C. For more than a year.
18. What didn’t the leader of the Medical School admit?7. How old is the man’s teacher?
A. That they steal dogs themselves. A. 23 years old. B. 33 years old. C. 28 years old.
B. That they pay people to steal dogs. 听第段材料~回答第至尔。7810
C. That they do experiments on dogs.8. Where are the man’s two children now?
19. Why do students of the Medical School do experiments on dogs? A. In a middle school in Beijing. B. In the west of the country. C. In a university in Beijing.
A. Because it does not have enough dead human bodies.9. What does the woman’s oldest child want to be?
B. Because there are many dogs that don’t have owners. A. A doctor. B. A history teacher. C. A medical teacher.
C. Because it doesn’t cost much money to get dogs.,10. What is the woman’s hope
只有借毅力~尔持到底~才有可能成尔最后的尔家。 尔些磨尔考尔使成尔中的少年受益匪。 凭与青浅 在尔尔尔尔之后~他尔可以如何立尔理尔尔~ 如何尔尔情尔心境~直面挫折~抵御尔力~ 学会独与极 如何保持尔尔取的心尔去尔尔每一次挑尔。 往往有着超越年尔的成熟自信~立性和尔理尔尔的能力都比尔强。与独
有人形容高尔夫的18洞就好像人生障碍重重~坎不。 然而一旦踏上了球尔~就必尔集中注意力~ 坷断你独 立面尔比尔中可能出尔的各尔困尔~且承一切后果。 也尔~常常尔遇到尔尔的情,尔尔尔在尔到一小尔球而尔呼雀尔~并担会况你抓个 下一刻大尔就把小白球吹了~或者才在上一洞尔了柏忌~ 下一洞就尔了老尔而尔尔不已。跑你个个你抓
20. What happened to Mr Smith’s dog finally?A
A. It was saved by him. B. It was killed for an experiment. C. It was saved by Mr Smith’s friend.Fish all over America have started protecting us. It seems unlikely, but the Intelligent Automation 第二部分,尔法用运;共个小尔~每小尔分~尔分分,10110Corporation has developed a system that uses fish to protect our water supplies. Cities and towns share 从、、、四尔尔中~尔出可以入空白尔的最佳尔尔~在答尔上尔尔尔黑。个填并卡将涂ABCDwater with millions of people, so it’s important that the water is clean and safe to drink.21. —Have you noticed____bike? I left it here this morning.Bluegills, which are small enough to fit in your hand, are the fish that protecting our water. They are
—I think I saw one. Is it ___new one?very mon freshwater fish and are also known as bream or sunfish. According to the Associated Press,
~~~~A. aa B. thethe C. athe D. theathe bluegills were originally used by the Army to make sure water was safe. Now San Francisco, New 22. Mr. Brown has three children, one of whom is a child of six, ___ twins of twelve.York City, Washington D.C and several other cities use the bluegill monitoring system.
A. another B. other C. the others D. othersThe bluegill system works by constantly filling the fish tank with city or town water. A small group 23. After the earthquake, the villagers will try their best to get things back to ______. of bluegills swim in the local water and are closely monitored. Bluegills are very sensitive to their
A. ordinary B. normal C. mon D. usual environment; they cough if the water is polluted. Fish cough by flexing their gills. If the bluegills are 24. If I ____when he es, wake me up. coughing, the puter sends an alert via email. The bluegills in New York City discovered a diesel spill
A sleep B will sleep C am sleeping D will be sleeping hours before the usual monitors. Adding the bluegill system to regular water protection methods resulted 25. Fortunately somebody who happened to be passing by called the fire department ___ the fire broke in an early warning and safer water.
out . 31. People use the bluegill system to monitor water supplies ______.
A. hurriedly B. immediately C. quickly D. shortly A. because they have high sensibility to their environment
26. Without facts, we can’t form a correct opinion, for we need to have actual knowledge___ our thinking. B. because they are used to swimming in the fresh water
A. which to be based on B. which to base on C. because they can cough by means of their gills
C. on which to base D. which to base D. because they are able to send e-mails by puters
27. ______it rain tomorrow, we would have to put off the visit to the Yangpu Bridge.32. People decide whether the water is polluted by means of _______.
A. Were B. Will C. Would D. Should A. information sent by the Army B. the alert email the puter sends28. _______ your position carefully, some spelling mistakes can be avoided C. observing the activities of bluegills D. constantly filling the fish tank with water
A. Having checked B. Check C. If you check D. To check33. What would be the best title for the text?
29.It was at the very beginning_____ Mr.Smith made a decision _____we should send for a doctor. A. A New System Safeguard the Drinking Water
A. that, that B. that, which C. which, that D. what, that B. A Winning Combination of Nature and High Technology
30. --- You have made a lot of mistakes in your position. C. Bluefish Protect Drinking Water from Being Polluted
--- ______ I checked it several times. D. A Diesel Spill Discovered by Bluegills in New York
A. So what? B. I’m afraid so. C. What’s up? D. You must be joking. B
第三部分 尔尔理解;共个小尔~每小尔分~尔分分,10220 The age of space science began less than thirty years ago. But already people have made great 尔尔下列短文~每尔所尔的四尔尔从个、、、中尔出最佳尔尔~在答尔上尔尔尔黑。并卡将涂ABCD
只有借毅力~尔持到底~才有可能成尔最后的尔家。 尔些磨尔考尔使成尔中的少年受益匪。 凭与青浅 在尔尔尔尔之后~他尔可以如何立尔理尔尔~ 如何尔尔情尔心境~直面挫折~抵御尔力~ 学会独与极 如何保持尔尔取的心尔去尔尔每一次挑尔。 往往有着超越年尔的成熟自信~立性和尔理尔尔的能力都比尔强。与独
有人形容高尔夫的18洞就好像人生障碍重重~坎不。 然而一旦踏上了球尔~就必尔集中注意力~ 坷断你独 立面尔比尔中可能出尔的各尔困尔~且承一切后果。 也尔~常常尔遇到尔尔的情,尔尔尔在尔到一小尔球而尔呼雀尔~并担会况你抓个 下一刻大尔就把小白球吹了~或者才在上一洞尔了柏忌~ 下一洞就尔了老尔而尔尔不已。跑你个个你抓
discoveries and have done exciting things. They have walked in space, visited the moon, and lived in Student centered teaching helps us design effective instruction for every member of the classroom, space laboratories for long working on ways to make it possible for people to periods of time. Some no matter what his or her diverse learning needs. In order to design any lesson, the teacher must first scientists are now live on other planets. They are trying to solve problems of living in space, even though think of the students, rather than the content, and so we are assured that the students’ needs are being they don’t yet know what all of the problems will be. For example, they don’t yet know what problems considered.
Student centered teaching has been proven effective in its ability to teach students the material they people would have if they loved being weightless for several years.
If you were a space traveler you might have to spend several months, or even years in a spaceship. need to know. Students taught in a student centered classroom retain more material for longer periods of While you were in the ship you wouldn’t live as you usually do. You might have to find new ways to time. In order to learn, the brain cannot simply receive information; it must also process the information spend your time. Your body would have to adjust to different conditions. And you would have some so that it can be stored and recalled. The active nature of the student centered approach helps students problems that you never think about here on Earth. For example, you would have to have a huge supply of actually work with information, and therefore learn it and store it.
For foreign language students, especially, the student-centered method has special benefits. When food with you because you can’t go to the supermarket when you’re halfway to another planet. You also
students use the language, they retain it more than if they would simply hear it. They get practice in would need fresh water and a way to get rid of waste. In fact, there would be many problems to solve in
actively producing meaningful conversation and they take a more direct route to fluency than they order to live in space.
34. This passage tells us that _______.would take, for example, if they filled out worksheets with sentences created by the teacher.
A. if you were a space traveler, you had to live in space for some timeThe creativity inherent in student-centered activities adds an element of surprise to each class, and
B. scientists are trying to solve problems of living in spaceforeign language students tend to bore less often. As a result, even though foreign language learning can
C. while you were in the ship you wouldn’t live as you usually dobe frustrating and intimidating the students stay engaged and willing to learn.
D. scientists are finding ways to make people live on other planets Even beyond learning what they need to know, students benefit from a less academic side effect of
35. The sentence “what problems people would have if they loved being weightless” in the first student centered teaching----they learn how to feel good about themselves. As they take on new paragraph is probably closest in meaning to _______.responsibilities and succeed with these responsibilities, they e to gain confidence in themselves as
A. people who were light had many problemspetent problem-solvers. Even more, research, shows that students have higher achievement when
B. many people who loved to be very lightthey have confidence in themselves and when they attribute success to their own abilities and not to
C. many problems people would face in spaceluck or help.
D. weightless people who loved to have problems37. When designing lessons, the teachers first think of the students in order to make their 36. It can be concluded from the passage that ________.lessons_______.
A. life in space was interesting and exciting A. interesting B. needed C. effective D. diverse
B. there would be many problems if you wanted to live in space38. According to the author, the most important thing in learning a foreign language is_____.
C. if you were a space traveler, you had to stay in space A. listening B. speaking C. reading D. writing
D. it was easy to enjoy oneself in space,39. Which of the following is NOT TRUE about student centered teaching
C A. It is frustrating. B. It is creative. C. It is active. D. It is effective只有借毅力~尔持到底~才有可能成尔最后的尔家。 尔些磨尔考尔使成尔中的少年受益匪。 凭与青浅 在尔尔尔尔之后~他尔可以如何立尔理尔尔~ 如何尔尔情尔心境~直面挫折~抵御尔力~ 学会独与极 如何保持尔尔取的心尔去尔尔每一次挑尔。 往往有着超越年尔的成熟自信~立性和尔理尔尔的能力都比尔强。与独
有人形容高尔夫的18洞就好像人生障碍重重~坎不。 然而一旦踏上了球尔~就必尔集中注意力~ 坷断你独 立面尔比尔中可能出尔的各尔困尔~且承一切后果。 也尔~常常尔遇到尔尔的情,尔尔尔在尔到一小尔球而尔呼雀尔~并担会况你抓个 下一刻大尔就把小白球吹了~或者才在上一洞尔了柏忌~ 下一洞就尔了老尔而尔尔不已。跑你个个你抓
40. The text is written mainly to ____________.only one,” the young man promised. At this time, a large wave sent him out of the sea.
A. build up students’ confidence B. criticize teacher centered teachingAfter he (47) _________, he opened the bigger one of the two boxes. To his (48) _________, the
C. promote student centered teaching D. introduce a foreign language teaching method box was full of gold. “My God!” he cried. “I’m (49) _________ now.” Then he thought, “Things in the
other box must be expensive, too.” He opened the other box. As soon as he opened it, he became an old
man. His hair turned white. He looked (50) _________ an old man over eighty years old. It all happened
in a moment. He was sorry for what he did, but it was too late.
41. _________ 42. __________ 43. __________ 44.___________ 45. ___________
46. _________ 47. __________ 48. __________ 49. ___________ 50. ___________
第五部分,尔尔表;共达小尔~每小尔分~尔分分,每尔答案不超尔个尔5315(15)
The earthquake affected the students of the destroyed areas in many ways: losing parents, being
scared and feeling lonely. How can we help them? Teens reporter talked with Lin Dan, the program
心光工程灵阳director of the Sunshine in Your Heart Project () at the Red Cross Society of China.第卷II
心理上Q: How will the earthquake affect the teenagers mentally ()?
第四部分,尔尔用 运共小尔~每小尔分~尔分分(10 110)A: They'll have feelings of fear, anger and feel they are not safe. They will find it hard to focus. They 尔尔下面短文~掌握其大意~然后方中尔出能入文中空白尔的最合适的尔尔~尔尔尔的尔从框填并将号尔抖will tend to cry and shout and tremble (). And they might be afraid to be alone.
;、、、、,在文章下面尔尔尔的尔上。注意,方中有多余的尔尔。填写号横框ABCDE…Q: ________________________________?
A: The teenagers will find it hard to live in a balanced way. If things get worse they might not be able
海尔Once upon a time, some children were playing at seaside when they found a turtle (). They began to focus on their studies. They might give up on life.
Q: How can we help them overe these A. returned B. away C. pleased D. wealth E rich F. arrived G. surprise H. but I. disappointment J. back K. dinner L. however M. to N. like
problems?
to beat the turtle. Just at that time, a young man came and said to them, “Stop!” The children ran (41) 同情A: The first thing is to build up trust with them. Show your sympathy () and sadness, and be
_______ quickly. The turtle was very thankful and said, “Thanks for your kindness. I would like (42) their friend. Then you have to give them a sense of safety. Tell them that there's a solution to every _______ invite you to a wonderful place now.”心理的problem. Thirdly, try to satisfy their psychological () needs. Be a good listener if he or she needs to
The young man rode on the back of the turtle and was taken to the secret palace in the sea. When he talk.
(43) _________ at the palace, he was very surprised and said to the turtle, “What a nice palace!” To thank Q: Some of us were not directly affected by the quake but have seen images on TV and feel scared. him, the king of the turtles gave him a very big (44) ________. He had never seen such a dinner before. What should we do?
He received a warm wele there and was very (45) _________ with everything.A: Talk with an adult and/or share your feelings with someone who might feel similar. If this doesn't
After dinner, the king of the turtles said, “I am going to give you two boxes, (46) _________ you can help then you should see a doctor for professional help.
open only one.” “You mustn’t open both. Don’t forget it!” the turtle warned him. “All right. I will open 51.What is the main idea of this passage?
只有借毅力~尔持到底~才有可能成尔最后的尔家。 尔些磨尔考尔使成尔中的少年受益匪。 凭与青浅 在尔尔尔尔之后~他尔可以如何立尔理尔尔~ 如何尔尔情尔心境~直面挫折~抵御尔力~ 学会独与极 如何保持尔尔取的心尔去尔尔每一次挑尔。 往往有着超越年尔的成熟自信~立性和尔理尔尔的能力都比尔强。与独
有人形容高尔夫的18洞就好像人生障碍重重~坎不。 然而一旦踏上了球尔~就必尔集中注意力~ 坷断你独 立面尔比尔中可能出尔的各尔困尔~且承一切后果。 也尔~常常尔遇到尔尔的情,尔尔尔在尔到一小尔球而尔呼雀尔~并担会况你抓个 下一刻大尔就把小白球吹了~或者才在上一洞尔了柏忌~ 下一洞就尔了老尔而尔尔不已。跑你个个你抓
____________________________________________________________________
52.If you feel frightened when you see the pictures about the earthquake, what can you do?
____________________________________________________________________
53.Fill in the blank with a proper question.
____________________________________________________________________
54.What can we do to help them deal with the problems?
____________________________________________________________________
55.How did the earthquake affect the students of the destroyed areas?
____________________________________________________________________
第六部分,尔面表达尔分分(25)
尔根据下面四幅尔容~一篇短文~尔述昨天尔生在叔叔身上的事。画内写你
注意,尔数尔。参考尔尔,吊尔尔照 1.: 80-1002.revoke a driving license
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________只有借毅力~尔持到底~才有可能成尔最后的尔家。 尔些磨尔考尔使成尔中的少年受益匪。 凭与青浅 在尔尔尔尔之后~他尔可以如何立尔理尔尔~ 如何尔尔情尔心境~直面挫折~抵御尔力~ 学会独与极 如何保持尔尔取的心尔去尔尔每一次挑尔。 往往有着超越年尔的成熟自信~立性和尔理尔尔的能力都比尔强。与独
有人形容高尔夫的18洞就好像人生障碍重重~坎不。 然而一旦踏上了球尔~就必尔集中注意力~ 坷断你独 立面尔比尔中可能出尔的各尔困尔~且承一切后果。 也尔~常常尔遇到尔尔的情,尔尔尔在尔到一小尔球而尔呼雀尔~并担会况你抓个 下一刻大尔就把小白球吹了~或者才在上一洞尔了柏忌~ 下一洞就尔了老尔而尔尔不已。跑你个个你抓
__________________________________________________________________________________stay in hospital for several days .Worse still he was fined by the police and his driving license was
__________________________________________________________________________________revoked.
__________________________________________________________________________________How he regretted what he had done!__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
学尔水平考尔模尔尔尔一答案
1-5 BABBC 6-10 BCCBC 11-15 ABCCC 16-20 BBBAA
21-25 ACBCB 26-30 CDCAD
31-33 ABC 34-36 BCD 37-40 CBAC
41-45 B M F K C 46-50 H A G E N
51. How to deal with the problems from the earthquake.
52. Talk with an adult and/or share your feelings with someone who might feel similar.53. What will happen if they are not helped?
54. To build up trust with them. (To give them a sense of safety./ To satisfy their psychological needs.)
。55. It affected them in many ways: losing parents, being scared and feeling lonely
Writing:
My uncle will never forget what happened to him yesterday.
Yesterday evening my uncle was invited to dinner by his friends. He was so glad that he drank a lot of beers. As a result he got drunk. After the meal, his friends tried to persuade him not to drive home, but he didn’t listen to them, saying “No problem” and insisted on doing so. He got into the car and drove away. A few minutes later, he was winding his way in the street when his car ran into a tall tree. He was badly injured but still alive. The police came to the scene, and he was taken to hospital. Unfortunately he had to 只有借毅力~尔持到底~才有可能成尔最后的尔家。 尔些磨尔考尔使成尔中的少年受益匪。 凭与青浅 在尔尔尔尔之后~他尔可以如何立尔理尔尔~ 如何尔尔情尔心境~直面挫折~抵御尔力~ 学会独与极 如何保持尔尔取的心尔去尔尔每一次挑尔。 往往有着超越年尔的成熟自信~立性和尔理尔尔的能力都比尔强。与独
作文七:《学业水平考试模拟测试一及答案 醉酒驾车作文》17600字
学业水平考试模拟测试一
第一部分 听力 (共两节, 满分 20分)
第一节 (共 5小题; 每小题 1分, 满分 5分)
听下面五段对话,每段对话后有一个小题,从题中所给的 A 、 B 、 C 三个选项中选出最佳选项, 并标在试卷的相应位置。 听完每段对话后, 你都有 10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。 每段对话只读一遍。
1. What will they do this weekend?
A. Have a singing petition. B. Go sightseeing. C. Visit the headmaster.
2. What’ s the most probable relationship between the two speakers?
A. Colleagues B. Teacher and student C. Relative
3. Who is wearing a red shirt?
A. Helen B. Helen’ s friend C. Tom
4. What does the woman probably do?
A. She is a doctor. B. She is a teacher. C. She is a student.
5. Where did the man go last night?
A. He t to the theatre. B. He t to his friend’ s. C. He t to the hospital.
第二节 (共 15小题;每小题 1分, 满分 15分)
听下面 5段对话或独白。 每段对话或独白后有几个小题, 从题中所给的 A 、 B 、 C 三个选项中选出最 佳选项,并标在试卷的相应位置。听每段对话或独白前,你将有时间阅读各个小题,每个小题 5秒 钟;听完后,各小题给出 5秒钟的作答时间,每段对话或独白读两遍。
听第 6段材料,回答第 6、 7题。
6. How long did the woman probably stay in Russia?
A. For only a month. B. For two months. C. For more than a year.
7. How old is the man’ s teacher?
A. 23 years old. B. 33 years old. C. 28 years old.
听第 7段材料,回答第 8至 10题。
8. Where are the man’ s two children now?
A. In a middle school in Beijing. B. In the west of the country. C. In a university in Beijing. 9. What does the woman’ s oldest child want to be?
A. A doctor. B. A history teacher. C. A medical teacher.
10. What is the woman’ s hope?
A. Her oldest child will learn something different.
B. Her oldest child will learn Chinese medicine.
C. Her other two children will learn something different.
听第 8段材料,回答第 11至 13题。
11. What’ s being a salesperson like according to Miss Strong?
A. It’ s a difficult job. B. It’ s one of the easiest jobs. C. Most of the time it’ s badly paid. 12. What’ s the main reason why Miss Strong wants to make money?
A. To support her children. B. To pay some debts off. C. To lead a better life.
13. What does the man want to do?
A. Donate some money to the school in Africa.
B. Go to Africa and help build the school.
C. Lend money to the woman.
听第 9段材料,回答第 14至 17题。
14. How did Mr. Jackson’ s three children bee so well-educated?
A. Their father taught them. B. Their mother taught them. C. They learned by themselves. 15. When did Jenny begin to read books without pictures?
A. At the age of 2. B. At the age of 3. C. At the age of 4.
16. What was Ann like as a child?
A. She liked reading. B. She was noisy and naughty. C. She liked singing.
17. Who is Mr. Jackson’ s youngest child?
A. Jenny. B. Ann. C. Helen
听第 10段材料,回答第 18至 20题。
18. What didn’ t the leader of the Medical School admit?
A. That they steal dogs themselves.
B. That they pay people to steal dogs.
C. That they do experiments on dogs.
19. Why do students of the Medical School do experiments on dogs?
A. Because it does not have enough dead human bodies.
B. Because there are many dogs that don’ t have owners.
C. Because it doesn’ t cost much money to get dogs.
20. What happened to Mr Smith’ s dog finally?
A. It was saved by him. B. It was killed for an experiment. C. It was saved by Mr Smith’ s friend.
1
第二部分:语法运用 (共 10个小题,每小题 1分,满分 10分)
从 A 、 B 、 C 、 D 四个选项中,选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项,并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。 21. — Have you noticed____bike? I left it here this morning.
— I think I saw one. Is it ___new one?
A. a; a B. the; the C. a; the D. the; a
22. Mr. Brown has three children, one of whom is a child of six, ___ twins of twelve.
A. another B. other C. the others D. others
23. After the earthquake, the villagers will try their best to get things back to ______.
A. ordinary B. normal C. mon D. usual
24. If I ____when he es, wake me up.
A sleep B will sleep C am sleeping D will be sleeping
25. Fortunately somebody who happened to be passing by called the fire department ___ the fire broke out .
A. hurriedly B. immediately C. quickly D. shortly
26. Without facts, we can’t form a correct opinion, for we need to have actual knowledge___ our thinking. A. which to be based on B. which to base on
C. on which to base D. which to base
27. ______it rain tomorrow, we would have to put off the visit to the Yangpu Bridge.
A. Were B. Will C. Would D. Should
28. _______ your position carefully, some spelling mistakes can be avoided
A. Having checked B. Check C. If you check D. To check
29.It was at the very beginning_____ Mr.Smith made a decision _____we should send for a doctor.
A. that, that B. that, which C. which, that D. what, that
30. --- You have made a lot of mistakes in your position.
--- ______ I checked it several times.
A. So what? B. I’m afraid so.C. What’s up?D. You must be joking.
第三部分 阅读理解(共 10个小题,每小题 2分,满分 20分)
阅读下列短文,从每题所给的四个选项 A 、 B 、 C 、 D 中选出最佳选项,并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。 A
Fish all over America have started protecting us. It seems unlikely, but the Intelligent Automation Corporation has developed a system that uses fish to protect our water supplies. Cities and towns share
water with millions of people, so it’ s important that the water is clean and safe to drink.
Bluegills, which are small enough to fit in your hand, are the fish that protecting our water. They are very mon freshwater fish and are also known as bream or sunfish. According to the Associated Press, the bluegills were originally used by the Army to make sure water was safe. Now San Francisco, New York City, Washington D.C and several other cities use the bluegill monitoring system.
The bluegill system works by constantly filling the fish tank with city or town water. A small group of bluegills swim in the local water and are closely monitored. Bluegills are very sensitive to their environment; they cough if the water is polluted. Fish cough by flexing their gills. If the bluegills are coughing, the puter sends an alert via email. The bluegills in New York City discovered a diesel spill hours before the usual monitors. Adding the bluegill system to regular water protection methods resulted in an early warning and safer water.
31. People use the bluegill system to monitor water supplies ______.
A. because they have high sensibility to their environment
B. because they are used to swimming in the fresh water
C. because they can cough by means of their gills
D. because they are able to send e-mails by puters
32. People decide whether the water is polluted by means of _______.
A. information sent by the Army B. the alert email the puter sends
C. observing the activities of bluegills D. constantly filling the fish tank with water
33. What would be the best title for the text?
A. A New System Safeguard the Drinking Water
B. A Winning Combination of Nature and High Technology
C. Bluefish Protect Drinking Water from Being Polluted
D. A Diesel Spill Discovered by Bluegills in New York
B
The age of space science began less than thirty years ago. But already people have made great discoveries and have done exciting things. They have walked in space, visited the moon, and lived in space laboratories for long working on ways to make it possible for people to periods of time. Some scientists are now live on other planets. They are trying to solve problems of living in space, even though they don’ t yet know what all of the problems will be. For example, they don’
2
If you were a space traveler you might have to spend several months, or even years in a spaceship. While you were in the ship you wouldn’ t live as you usually do. You might have to find new ways to spend your time. Your body would have to adjust to different conditions. And you would have some problems that you never think about here on Earth. For example, you would have to have a huge supply of food with you because you can’ t go to the supermarket when you’ re halfway to another planet. You also would need fresh water and a way to get rid of waste. In fact, there would be many problems to solve in order to live in space.
34. This passage tells us that _______.
A. if you were a space traveler, you had to live in space for some time
B. scientists are trying to solve problems of living in space
C. while you were in the ship you wouldn’ t live as you usually do
D. scientists are finding ways to make people live on other planets
35. The sentence “what problems people would have if they loved being weightless ” in the first paragraph is probably closest in meaning to _______.
A. people who were light had many problems
B. many people who loved to be very light
C. many problems people would face in space
D. weightless people who loved to have problems
36. It can be concluded from the passage that ________.
A. life in space was interesting and exciting
B. there would be many problems if you wanted to live in space
C. if you were a space traveler, you had to stay in space
D. it was easy to enjoy oneself in space
C
Student centered teaching helps us design effective instruction for every member of the classroom, no matter what his or her diverse learning needs. In order to design any lesson, the teacher must first think of the students, rather than the content, and so we are assured that the students’ needs are being considered.
Student centered teaching has been proven effective in its ability to teach students the material they need to know. Students taught in a student centered classroom retain more material for longer periods of time. In order to learn, the brain cannot simply receive information; it must also process the information
so that it can be stored and recalled. The active nature of the student centered approach helps students actually work with information, and therefore learn it and store it.
For foreign language students, especially, the student-centered method has special benefits. When students use the language, they retain it more than if they would simply hear it. They get practice in actively producing meaningful conversation and they take a more direct route to fluency than they would take, for example, if they filled out worksheets with sentences created by the teacher.
The creativity inherent in student-centered activities adds an element of surprise to each class, and foreign language students tend to bore less often. As a result, even though foreign language learning can be frustrating and intimidating the students stay engaged and willing to learn.
Even beyond learning what they need to know, students benefit from a less academic side effect of student centered teaching----they learn how to feel good about themselves. As they take on new responsibilities and succeed with these responsibilities, they e to gain confidence in themselves as petent problem-solvers. Even more, research, shows that students have higher achievement when they have confidence in themselves and when they attribute success to their own abilities and not to luck or help.
37. When designing lessons, the teachers first think of the students in order to make their lessons_______.
A. interesting B. needed C. effective D. diverse
38. According to the author, the most important thing in learning a foreign language is_____.
A. listening B. speaking C. reading D. writing
39. Which of the following is NOT TRUE about student centered teaching?
A. It is frustrating. B. It is creative. C. It is active. D. It is effective
40. The text is written mainly to ____________.
A. build up students’ confidence B. criticize teacher centered teaching
C. promote student centered teaching D. introduce a foreign language teaching method
3
第 II 卷
第四部分:词汇运用 (共 10 小题,每小题 1分,满分 10分 )
阅读下面短文,掌握其大意,然后从方框中选出能填入文中空白处的最合适的单词,并将该单词的 标号(A 、 B 、 C 、 D 、 E … )填写在文章下面对应题号的横线上。注意:方框中有多余的单词。
Once upon a time, some children were playing at seaside when they found a turtle (海龟 ). They began to beat the turtle. Just at that time, a young man came and said to them, “ Stop! ” The children ran (41) _______ quickly. The turtle was very thankful and said, “ Thanks for your kindness. I would like (42) _______ invite you to a wonderful place now.”
The young man rode on the back of the turtle and was taken to the secret palace in the sea. When he (43) _________ at the palace, he was very surprised and said to the turtle, “ What a nice palace!” To thank him, the king of the turtles gave him a very big (44) ________. He had never seen such a dinner before. He received a warm wele there and was very (45) _________ with everything.
After dinner, the king of the turtles said, “I am going to give you two boxes, (46) _________ you can open only one.” “ You mustn’ t open both. Don’ t forget it!” the turtle warned him. “ All right. I will open only one,” the young man promised. At this time, a large wave sent him out of the sea.
After he (47) _________, he opened the bigger one of the two boxes. To his (48) _________, the box was full of gold. “ My God!” he cried. “I’ m (49) _________ now.” Then he thought, “ Things in the other box must be expensive, too.” He opened the other box. As soon as he opened it, he became an old man. His hair turned white. He looked (50) _________ an old man over eighty years old. It all happened in a moment. He was sorry for what he did, but it was too late.
41. _________ 42. __________ 43. __________ 44.___________ 45. ___________
46. _________ 47. __________ 48. __________ 49. ___________ 50. ___________
第五部分:阅读表达(共 5小题,每小题 3分,满分 15分) (每题答案不超过 15个词 )
The earthquake affected the students of the destroyed areas in many ways: losing parents, being scared and feeling lonely. How can we help them? Teens reporter talked with Lin Dan, the program director of the Sunshine in Your Heart Project (心灵阳光工程 ) at the Red Cross Society of China.
Q: How will the earthquake affect the teenagers mentally (心理上 )?
A: They'll have feelings of fear, anger and feel they are not safe. They will find it hard to focus. They will tend to cry and shout and tremble (颤抖 ). And they might be afraid to be alone.
Q: ________________________________?
A: The teenagers will find it hard to live in a balanced way. If things get worse they might not be able to focus on their studies. They might give up on life.
Q: How can we help them overe these problems?
A: The first thing is to build up trust with them. Show your sympathy (同情 ) and sadness, and be their friend. Then you have to give them a sense of safety. Tell them that there's a solution to every problem. Thirdly, try to satisfy their psychological (心理的 ) needs. Be a good listener if he or she needs to talk.
Q: Some of us were not directly affected by the quake but have seen images on TV and feel scared. What should we do?
A: Talk with an adult and/or share your feelings with someone who might feel similar. If this doesn't help then you should see a doctor for professional help.
51. What is the main idea of this passage?
____________________________________________________________________
52. If you feel frightened when you see the pictures about the earthquake, what can you do?
____________________________________________________________________
53. Fill in the blank with a proper question.
____________________________________________________________________
54. What can we do to help them deal with the problems?
____________________________________________________________________
55. How did the earthquake affect the students of the destroyed areas?
____________________________________________________________________
4
第六部分:书面表达 (满分 25分 )
请根据下面四幅图画内容,写一篇短文,记述昨天发生在你叔叔身上的事。
注意:1. 词数 : 80-100词。 2. 参考词汇:吊销驾照 revoke a driving license
__________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________
5
学业水平考试模拟测试一答案
1-5 BABBC 6-10 BCCBC 11-15 ABCCC 16-20 BBBAA
21-25 ACBCB 26-30 CDCAD
31-33 ABC 34-36 BCD 37-40 CBAC
41-45 B M F K C 46-50 H A G E N
51. How to deal with the problems from the earthquake.
52. Talk with an adult and/or share your feelings with someone who might feel similar.
53. What will happen if they are not helped?
54. To build up trust with them. (To give them a sense of safety./ To satisfy their psychological needs.) 55. It affected them in many ways: losing parents, being scared and feeling lonely。
Writing:
My uncle will never forget what happened to him yesterday.
Yesterday evening my uncle was invited to dinner by his friends. He was so glad that he drank a lot of beers. As a result he got drunk. After the meal, his friends tried to persuade him not to drive home, but he did n’t listen to them, saying “No problem” and insisted on doing so. He got into the car and drove away. A few minutes later, he was winding his way in the street when his car ran into a tall tree. He was badly injured but still alive. The police came to the scene, and he was taken to hospital. Unfortunately he had to stay in hospital for several days .Worse still he was fined by the police and his driving license was revoked.
How he regretted what he had done!
6
作文八:《刘伶醉酒》3100字
刘伶醉酒,王凤山唱词
年年倒有三月三,王母娘娘摆花船;
船帮船底檀香木,珍珠玛瑙镶衬着玉石栏杆; 上方倒有玻璃树,鲁班伐倒立桅杆;
二十八宿拉船纤,四大金刚把舵搬;
王母娘娘船上坐,九天仙女吹打拉弹。
三月初三王母娘娘的寿诞日,
南天门外来了上寿的上八仙:
头里头走,东方朔、西方朔,
后跟着长眉李大仙;
和合二圣两旁站,又来了偷桃的小白猿。 王禅王熬也来到,后跟着中八一洞仙:
张果老骑驴头里走,铁拐李的葫芦冒青烟; 汉钟离的扇子拿在手,韩湘子挎定小花篮; 曹国舅打定了阴阳板,蓝采和的竹箫吹了个欢; 吕洞宾的宝剑背在身后,何仙姑的笊篱肩上担; 群仙驾云来上寿,后跟着下八一洞仙:
[一只梅]、小成光,来上寿;后跟着师兄柳大仙; [甲子]娘娘也来到,介子王英把寿担;
纪晓棠就在头里走,后跟着刘海戏金蟾。 王母一见心欢喜,你们谁有寿礼朝上端。 言还未尽有人搭了话,跪下了偷桃的小白猿: “今天本是王母你老寿诞日,我带来的寿桃你尝尝鲜。” 王母闻听心欢喜:“我赏给你们烧酒几大坛。” 小白猿喝了个酩酊醉,东倒西歪打猴拳。 开拳就把汉钟离打,张果老骑驴跑了一溜烟。 一伸手推到了铁拐李,何仙姑的笊篱撕了半边。 王母一见冲冲怒,叫:“孽障,小白猿~ “我赏给你的烧酒你不用,为何在这里头打猴拳,” 白猿闻听忙跪倒,(我)口尊:“王母请听言。 “每年我们上寿是三八二十四啊,今年为何剩了我们二十三,”
王母摆手,说:“我不信~”一五一十数八仙。 三三见九数了一遍,数了个二八一七二十三。 “每年我那烧酒不够用(啊),今年为何剩了几坛,” 掐指仔细算,才知道缺少一位好酒的仙。 “你们谁领我的圣旨把天堂下,把喝酒之人给我带上天,” 言还未尽有人搭了话,杜康跪倒地平川: “我领圣旨把天堂下,把喝酒之人我能带上天。” 王母闻听把头点:“你别误我的来年三月初三。” 杜康磕头说:“遵旨~不用王母叮咛咱。” 这位杜康迈步来到南天门外,不由地心中打算盘: 他掐指仔细算,才知道喝酒之人住家就在峦陵关。
脚驾祥云腾空起,眼前来到峦陵关。
收住了云头落下去,二足落到地平川。
这位杜康迈步就把峦陵关进,有一块闲地在眼前。 杜康冲定闲地指了一指,点化一个酒馆门面三间。 点化酒壶与酒漏,天平戥子与算盘;
点化笔墨砚瓦一本帐,酒壶酒漏样样全。
高挑幌子一丈二,朗言大话写在上边:
上写闻酒三分醉,下联配开坛十里鲜;
你有人来喝我一两酒,银子要你十两三;
你有人来喝二两酒,不醉你三年不要酒钱。 杜康摇身仔细一变,变了个酒保坐在里边。 按下了杜康我且不表,再把刘伶说一番。
刘伶这天就在家中坐,只觉得心中不耐烦。 出言就把贤妻叫:“你跟随丈夫把门关。”
刘伶站起身形往外走,黄氏佳人紧随在后边。 刘伶来到了街门外(呀),黄氏佳人她把街门关了个严上严。 这位刘伶信步闲游往前走,看见一个酒馆在眼前: 高挑幌子一丈二,朗言大话写在上边。
上写闻酒三分醉,下联对开坛十里鲜;
有人来喝一两酒,银子要我十两三;
(说)有人来喝二两酒,不醉我三年不要酒钱。 刘伶看罢冲冲怒:“哪里来的狂徒出此朗言, “我今天要把你的酒馆进(啊),不喝你一缸喝你八坛。 “我喝着喝着高了兴,我把你的大坛小坛全给你喝干。” 这位刘伶迈步进了小酒馆,叫:“酒保~你听言。 “你这里卖的什么酒啊,你把这个酒名报给咱。” 酒保闻听不怠慢,尊:“客爷你听言:
“我这里卖状元红、玫瑰露,有白干酒,客爷你把什么酒餐,” 刘伶说:“你给我打过二两玫瑰露,打到我的面前尝尝鲜。” 酒保闻听不怠慢,忙把酒壶手中端。
掐指仔细算,才知道喝酒之人他不非凡。 急慌忙打了二两酒,酒壶以里下仙丹。
酒壶放在桌面上,尊声:“客爷,您尝尝鲜~” 刘伶他喝了一口甜似蜜,又喝了二口比蜜还甜。 [当时地]喝了二两酒,(我)叫酒保:“你这酒能醉我三年, “也是我上街闲来游逛,腰中没带着散碎钱。 “你在你的账本给我记一记,回来家中给你取酒钱。” 酒保说:“你姓字名谁对我讲,你家乡住处对我言。” {刘伶说:“姓刘名伶就是我,我家住在峦陵关。”} 杜康闻听面带笑,口尊:“刘兄你听言。
“你的名姓对我讲,我的名姓对你言。
“姓杜名康就是我,人称我是造酒的仙。
“哥哥您会喝,兄弟会造,阳世三间大有缘。” 刘伶站起身形就要走,酒保上前拉住衣衫;
从腰中解下了装魂袋,尊声:“刘兄你听言。 “你把此袋往腰中系。三年后,我凭此袋找你要酒钱。” 刘伶接过手中腰中系(呀),迈开大步就往外翻。 晃晃悠悠回家转,想起李四共张三:
“李四他短我二斗米,张三短我两串钱。” 晃晃悠悠来得快,刘伶的大门在眼前。
迈步就把台阶上,伸出手来打门环。
黄氏佳人扣针指,[款]动金莲往外翻。
伸手开开门两扇,看见了丈夫站在门前。 佳人一见面带着酒,急慌忙走上前,忙把他搀。 将丈夫搀到客厅内,口尊声:“丈夫你听言: “往日里喝酒没有事(啊),近日你为何让酒拿住咱,” 刘伶说:“我往日喝酒没有事,大约我今天一命要染黄泉。 “为丈夫倒有几句知心话,你千千万万记在心间。 “我死后,不要给我采茔地,你将我埋到烧锅里边。 “我死后不要给我买棺椁,你把我装到酒缸里边。 “我死后不要钱纸,酒幌子当作引魂帆。 “我死后不要僧和道,把好酒之人请在灵前。 “会喝酒的你们多喝酒,不会喝酒的来划拳。 “阳世三间行酒令,为丈夫死后也喜欢。 “你我要有夫妻义,披麻戴孝(啊)等我三年; “你我没有夫妻义,脱下你的鹅毛另嫁男。” 刘伶说罢绝了气,哭坏了佳人女婵娟。
急忙搭来一口好棺椁,将刘伶停在客厅里边。 到了一七经一念,烧黄二酒泼两坛。
这一日近期要出殡(了),看热闹人等来了万万千。 前有那时不闲的吵的开路鬼,关赵俱是七十二仙。 将刘伶抬到坟地内,哭坏了佳人女婵娟。 街坊邻居劝她回家转,。 ,不多不少整三年。
这一天杜康在天堂坐,想起来刘伶喝酒整三年; 脚驾祥云腾空起,眼前来到峦陵关;
收住了云头落下去,(那)二足落到了地平川; 迈步就把峦陵关进,刘伶的大门在眼前; 迈步就把台阶上,伸出手来打门环。
黄氏佳人扣针指,[款]动金莲往外翻;
伸手开开门两扇,看见一位老道站在门前。 家人一见面带笑,尊:“道长,您是找我来化缘,” 杜康闻听面带笑,口尊:“贤嫂,你听言。 “姓杜名康就是我,人称我是造酒的仙。 “前三年刘兄喝了我的酒,我来找他要酒钱。” 佳人闻听冲冲怒,(我)口叫:“老道你听言~ “前三年奴家丈夫喝了你的酒,你在鸳鸯壶内下上蒙汗。 “蒙汗药药死奴的夫主,竟敢胆大,来要酒钱。
“三声叫活奴的夫主,我砸锅卖铁还你酒钱; “三声叫不活奴的夫主,我手拉老儿到当官~” 杜康闻听上前忙拦挡:“贤嫂不要发狂言。
“你家可有锨共镐吗,咱要账移到刘伶他的坟前。” 他们二人行走如飞来得快,刘伶的坟地在眼前。 用铁钎[/锨]铲去了坟上的土,里边露出一口木[油]棺。 用钢镐撬开棺材盖,打量刘伶的死尸躺在里边。 但只见,面似古月一般样,胸前飘洒五绺美长髯; 一子方巾头上戴,八卦仙衣身上穿;
分出来乾三连,坤六断,离中虚,坎中满,震仰盂,艮覆碗,兑上缺,巽下断,
有一个太极图遮在胸前;
腰系着丝绦镶着八宝,水袜云履二足穿。
照定了刘伶的天灵盖击了三掌,上前拉起好酒的仙。 但只见左边青龙冒白气,右边玉虎冒青烟;
半晌之中睁开了眼:“啊,是何人惊醒我一梦间,” 佳人一见面带笑,尊:“杜兄啊,你请在我们家中还你酒钱。” 杜康上前忙拦挡,口尊:“贤嫂你听言。
“要得夫妻重相见,除非到来年三月初三。”
手拉着刘伶腾空起,灵霄宝殿把玉皇参;
南天门上挂了号,(那)万仙簿上把名签。
好难唱的杜康造酒刘伶醉,大家听了趣事福寿双全。
作文九:《醉酒驾车》4000字
《最高人民法院关于醉酒驾车犯罪法律适用问题的意见》
为依法严肃处理醉酒驾车犯罪案件,统一法律适用标准,充分发挥刑罚惩治和预防犯罪的功能,有效遏制酒后和醉酒驾车犯罪的多发、高发态势,切实维护广大人民群众的生命健康安全,有必要对醉酒驾车犯罪法律适用问题作出统一规范。
一、准确适用法律,依法严惩醉酒驾车犯罪
刑法规定,醉酒的人犯罪,应当负刑事责任。行为人明知酒后驾车违法、醉酒驾车会危害公共安全,却无视法律醉酒驾车,特别是在肇事后继续驾车冲撞,造成重大伤亡,说明行为人主观上对持续发生的危害结果持放任态度,具有危害公共安全的故意。对此类醉酒驾车造成重大伤亡的,应依法以以危险方法危害公共安全罪定罪。
2009年9月8日公布的两起醉酒驾车犯罪案件中,被告人黎景全和被告人孙伟铭都是在严重醉酒状态下驾车肇事,连续冲撞,造成重大伤亡。其中,黎景全驾车肇事后,不顾伤者及劝阻他的众多村民的安危,继续驾车行驶,致2人死亡,1人轻伤;孙伟铭长期无证驾驶,多次违反交通法规,在醉酒驾车与其他车辆追尾后,为逃逸继续驾车超限速行驶,先后与4辆正常行驶的轿车相撞,造成4人死亡、1人重伤。被告人黎景全和被告人孙伟铭在醉酒驾车发生交通事故后,继续驾车冲撞行驶,其主观上对他人伤亡的危害结果明显持放任态度,具有危害公共安全的故意。二被告人的行为均已构成以危险方法危害公共安全罪。
二、贯彻宽严相济刑事政策,适当裁量刑罚
根据刑法第一百一十五条第一款的规定,醉酒驾车,放任危害结果发生,造成重大伤亡事故,构成以危险方法危害公共安全罪的,应处以十年以上有期徒刑、无期徒刑或者死刑。具体决定对被告人的刑罚时,要综合考虑此类犯罪的性质、被告人的犯罪情节、危害后果及其主观恶性、人身危险性。一般情况下,醉酒驾车构成本罪的,行为人在主观上并不希望、也不追求危害结果的发生,属于间接故意犯罪,行为的主观恶性与以制造事端为目的而恶意驾车撞人并造成重大伤亡后果的直接故意犯罪有所不同,因此,在决定刑罚时,也应当有所区别。此外,醉酒状态下驾车,行为人的辨认和控制能力实际有所减弱,量刑时也应酌情考虑。
被告人黎景全和被告人孙伟铭醉酒驾车犯罪案件,依法没有适用死刑,而是分别判处无期徒刑,主要考虑到二被告人均系间接故意犯罪,与直接故意犯罪相比,主观恶性不是很深,人身危险性不是很大;犯罪时驾驶车辆的控制能力有所减弱;归案后认罪、悔罪态度较好,积极赔偿被害方的经济损失,一定程度上获得了被害方的谅解。广东省高级人民法院和四州
省高级人民法院的终审裁判对二被告人的量刑是适当的。
三、统一法律适用,充分发挥司法审判职能作用
为依法严肃处理醉酒驾车犯罪案件,遏制酒后和醉酒驾车对公共安全造成的严重危害,警示、教育潜在违规驾驶人员,今后,对醉酒驾车,放任危害结果的发生,造成重大伤亡的,一律按照本意见规定,并参照附发的典型案例,依法以以危险方法危害公共安全罪定罪量刑。
为维护生效裁判的既判力,稳定社会关系,对于此前已经处理过的将特定情形的醉酒驾车认定为交通肇事罪的案件,应维持终审裁判,不再变动。
附件: 有关醉酒驾车犯罪案例
一、被告人黎景全以危险方法危害公共安全案
被告人黎景全,男,汉族,1964年4月30日生于广东省佛山市,初中文化,佛山市个体运输司机。1981年12月11日因犯抢劫罪、故意伤害罪被判处有期徒刑四年六个月。2006年9月17日因本案被刑事拘留,同月28日被逮捕。
2006年9月16日18时50分许,被告人黎景全大量饮酒后,驾驶车牌号为粤A1J374的面包车由南向 北行驶至广东省佛山市南海区盐步碧华村新路治安亭附近路段时,从后面将骑自行车的被害人李洁霞及其搭乘的儿子陈柏宇撞倒,致陈柏宇经伤。撞人后,黎景全继续开车前行,撞坏治安亭前的铁闸及旁边的柱子,又掉头由北往南向穗盐路方向快速行驶,车轮被卡在路边花地上。被害人梁锡全(系黎景全的好友)及其他村民上前救助伤者并劝阻黎景全,黎景全加大油门驾车冲出花地,碾过李洁霞后撞倒梁锡全,致李洁霞、梁锡全死亡。黎景全驾车驶出路面外被治安队员及民警抓获。经检验,黎景全案发时血液中检出乙醇成分,含量为369.9毫克/100毫升。
被告人黎景全在医院被约束至酒醒后,对作案具体过程无记忆,当得知自己撞死二人、撞伤一人时,十分懊悔。虽然其收入微薄,家庭生活困难,但仍多次表示要积极赔偿被害人亲属的经济损失。
广东省佛山市人民检察院指控被告人黎景全犯以危险方法危害公共安全罪,向佛山市中级人民法院提起公诉。佛山市中级人民法院于2007年2月7日以(2007)佛刑一初字第1号刑事附带民事判决,认定被告人黎景全犯以危险方法危害公共安全罪,判处死刑,剥夺政治权利终身。宣判后,黎景全提出上诉。广东省高级人民法院于2008年9月17日以(2007)粤高法刑一终字第131号刑事裁定,驳回上诉,维持原判,并依法报请最高人民法院核准。
最高人民法院复核认为,被告人黎景全酒后驾车撞倒他人后,仍继续驾驶,冲撞人群,其行为已构成以危险方法危害公共安全罪,黎景全醉酒驾车撞人,致二人死亡、一人轻伤,犯罪情节恶劣,后果特别严重,应依法惩处。鉴于黎景全是在严重醉酒状态下犯罪,属间接故意犯罪,与蓄意危害公共安全的直接故意犯罪有所不同;且其归案后认罪、悔罪态度较好,依法可不判处死刑。第一审判决、第二审裁定认为的事实清楚,证据确实、充分,定罪准确,审判程序合法,但量刑不当。依照《中华人民共和国刑事诉讼法》第一百九十九条和《最高人民法院关于复核死刑案件若干问题的规定》第四条的规定,裁定不核准被告人黎景全死刑,撤销广东省高级人民法院(2007)粤高法刑一终字第131号刑事裁定,发回广东省高级人民法院重新审判。
广东省高级人民法院重审期间,与佛山市中级人民法院一同做了大量民事调解工作。被告人黎景全的亲属倾其所有,筹集15万元赔偿给被害方。
广东省高级人民法院审理认为,被告人黎景全醉酒驾车撞倒李洁霞所骑自行车后,尚知道驾驶车辆掉头行驶;在车轮被路边花地卡住的情况下,知道将车辆驾驶回路面,说明其案发时具有辨认和控制能力。黎景全撞人后,置被撞人员于不顾,也不顾在车前对其进行劝阻和救助伤者的众多村民,仍继续驾车企图离开现场,撞向已倒地的李洁霞和救助群众梁锡全,致二人死亡,说明其主观上对在场人员伤亡的危害结果持放任态度,具有危害公共安全的间接故意。因此,其行为已构成以危险方法危害公共安全罪。黎景全犯罪的情节恶劣,后果严重。但鉴于黎景全系间接故意犯罪,与蓄意危害公共安全的直接故意犯罪相比,主观恶性不是很深,人身危险性不是很大;犯罪时处于严重醉酒状态,辨认和控制能力有所减弱;归案后认罪、悔罪态度较好,积极赔偿了被害方的经济损失,依法可从轻处罚。据此,于2009年9月8日作出(2007)粤高法刑一终字第131-1号刑事判决,认定被告人黎景全犯以危险方法危害公共安全罪,判处无期徒刑,剥夺政治权利终身。
二、被告人孙伟铭以危险方法危害公共安全案
被告人孙伟铭,男,汉族,1979年5月9日出生于西藏自治区,高中文化,成都奔腾电子信息技术有限公司员工。2008年12月15日被刑事拘留,同月26日被逮捕。
2008年5月,被告人孙伟铭购买一辆车牌号为川A43K66的别克轿车。之后,孙伟铭在未取得驾驶证的情况下长期驾驶该车,并多次违反交通法规。同年12月14日中午,孙伟铭与其父母为亲属祝寿,大量饮酒。当日17时许,孙伟铭驾驶其别克轿车行至四川省成都市成龙路“蓝谷地”路口时,从后面撞向与其同向行驶的车牌号为川A9T332的一辆比亚迪轿车尾部。肇事后,孙伟铭继续驾车超限速行驶,行至成龙路“卓锦城”路段时,越过中心黄色双实线,先后与对面车道正常行驶的车牌号分别为川AUZ872的长安奔奔轿车、川AK1769的长安奥拓轿车、川AVD241的福特蒙迪欧轿车、川AMC337的奇瑞QQ 轿车等4辆轿车相撞,造成车牌号为川AUZ872的长安奔奔轿车上的张景全、尹国辉夫妇和金亚民、张成秀夫妇死亡,代玉秀重伤,以及公私财产损失5万余元。经鉴定,孙伟铭驾驶的车辆碰撞前瞬间的行驶速度为134-138公里/小时;孙伟铭案发时血液中的乙醇含量为135.8毫克/100毫升。案发后,孙伟铭的亲属赔偿被害人经济损失11.4万元。
四川省成都市人民检察院指控被告人孙伟铭犯以危险方法危害公共安全罪,向成都市中级人民法院提起公诉。成都市中级人民法院于2009年7月22日以(2009)成刑初字第158号刑事判决,认定被告人孙伟铭犯以危险方法危害公共安全罪,判处死刑,剥夺政治权利终身。宣判后,孙伟铭提出上诉。
四川省高级人民法院审理期间,被告人孙伟铭之父孙林表示愿意代为赔偿被害人的经济损失,社会各界人士也积极捐款帮助赔偿。经法院主持调解,孙林代表孙伟铭与被害方达成民事赔偿协议,并在身患重病、家庭经济并不宽裕的情况下,积极筹款赔偿了被害方经济损失,取得被害方一定程度的谅解。
四川省高级人民法院审理认为,被告人孙伟铭无视交通法规和公共安全,在未取得驾驶证的情况下,长期驾驶机动车辆,多次违反交通法规,且在醉酒驾车发生交通事故后,继续驾车超限速行驶,冲撞多辆车辆,造成数人伤亡的严重后果,说明其主观上对危害结果的发生持放任态度,具有危害公共安全的间接故意,其行为已构成以危险方法危害公共安全罪。孙伟铭犯罪情节恶劣,后果严重。但鉴于孙伟铭是间接故意, 犯罪,不希望、也不积极追求危害后果发生,与直接故意驾车撞击车辆、行人的犯罪相比,主观恶性不是很深,人身危险性不是很大;犯罪时处于严重醉酒状态,其对自己行为的辨认和控制能力有所减弱;案发后,真诚悔罪,并通过亲属积极筹款赔偿被害方的经济损失,依法可从轻处罚。据此,四川省高级人民法院于2009年9月8日作出(2009)川刑终字第690号刑事判决,认定被告人孙伟铭犯以危险方法危害公共安全罪,判处无期徒刑,剥夺政治权利终身。
作文十:《《醉酒诗》》700字
不去不去又去了 不喝不喝又喝了 喝着喝着又多了 晃悠晃悠回家了 回家进门挨骂了 伴着骂声睡着了 睡着睡着渴醒了 喝完水后又睡了 早上起来后悔了 晚上有酒又去了《购物诗》不逛不逛又逛了不买不买又买了买着买着又多了大包小裹回家了一件一件试穿了穿着穿着美乐了挂到衣柜睡觉了早起应酬出门了翻来找去没穿了改日休息又逛了满柜衣服成灾了《减肥诗》不吃不吃又吃了吃着吃着又渴了来瓶可乐又喝了连吃带喝又多了回到家了后悔了下次再也不吃了悔着悔着又困了困了困了又睡了头挨枕头呼噜了一觉梦到饭好了起来肚子又饿了闻到饭香又吃了晚上饭局又去了反正不差这顿了。我超喜欢最后一句!笑喷了人分三六九等,肉有五花三层 。没有那些鱼鳖虾蟹,哪有这些花花世界。我捧你时你是个玻璃杯子,我松手时你就是个玻璃茬子。不要把自己想的多么多么牛X,再厉害的香水也干不过韭菜盒子。
【醉酒诗】
不去不去又去了
不喝不喝又喝了
喝着喝着又多了
晃悠晃悠回家了
回家进门挨骂了
伴着骂声睡着了
睡着睡着渴醒了
喝完水后又睡了
早上起来后悔了
晚上有酒又去了
《购物诗》
不逛不逛又逛了
不买不买又买了
买着买着又多了
大包小裹回家了
一件一件试穿了
穿着穿着美乐了
挂到衣柜睡觉了
早起应酬出门了
翻来找去没穿了
改日休息又逛了
满柜衣服成灾了
《减肥诗》
不吃不吃又吃了
吃着吃着又渴了
来瓶可乐又喝了
连吃带喝又多了
回到家了后悔了
下次再也不吃了
悔着悔着又困了
困了困了又睡了
头挨枕头呼噜了
一觉梦到饭好了
起来肚子又饿了
闻到饭香又吃了
晚上饭局又去了
反正不差这顿了
《送礼诗》
不送不送又送了
谁叫咱又有病了
病着病着住院了
住院还得手术了
手术不送咋行了
再说人家都送了
不送咋能心安了
为了尽快康复了
咬了咬牙就送了
一送立马知道了
原来早就有价了
送了以后踏实了
手术成功出院了
企盼身体康健了
再也不要住院了