作文一:《有关古代科技的文章》400字
科技
·?中国人藏冰用冰史:周朝专设官吏称"凌人"(图)
·?汉代广州就能造10层高楼船(图)
·?我国古代的造船技艺(图)
·?香熏:典雅的生活意境(图)
·?茶中寿星:黑茶(图)
·?扇子的演变(图)
·?扇面装裱形式多(图)
·?葵花朵朵(图)
·?香港学者立新说:中国人更早发现美洲新大陆(图)
·?古人入夏 找足理由才"吃枭"(图)
·?立秋三品(图)
·?立秋日期"杂七杂八" 专家:8月7日22时49分(图)
·?元代太医曾输血疗伤?(图)
·?郑州的旱灾(图)
·?古代的"空调房"(图)
·?当年蒙哥命丧石炮弹(图)
·?"知了"兴衰(图)
·?陶瓷的烧制(图)
·?今日"二伏"(图)
·?古代诗人笔下的伏天(图)
·?数学一边去!
·?分餐 洗手 防蚂蚁 古代广州人吃得很文明(图)
·?今入"大暑"闷热加剧(图)
·?"热在三伏"是怎么回事(图)
·?吉祥如意的"四鼻孔鲤鱼"(图)
共(7)页?首 页??上一页??[1]??[2]??[3]??[4]??[5]??下一页??末 页
作文二:《重庆科技馆文章 有关北京科技馆的文章》900字
科技之光,照亮未来
阳光照耀,巨大球形建筑熠熠生辉,照亮了这一方土地,也照亮了中华民族的未来。
一阵阵打击声,吸引我来到“华夏之光”展区,原来那是中国古代所用的水车牵引动力工作,这让我不由赞叹古代劳动人民在智慧的伟大,不需消耗什么,也不需排出什么,只是自然水的轮回,就牵动了一家人的力量之源。这难道不暗示着未来发展应朝着绿色自然的方向吗,
未来的发展方向,科技馆当然不能忽略掉它,去“挑战与未来”吧~在那有超导磁悬浮列车,作为未来的交通工具,它用最清洁的方式实现了前进;有太阳能发电钢琴,利用新能源是时代的呼唤,取之不尽,用之不竭的太阳能是我们最理想的选择;双向记忆合金,一种能“记忆”自己形状的金属,让卫星天线在太空自动打开的梦想成为现实。时代在进步,科技在发展,不正说明了科技为我们带来了美好的未来吗,
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噢No,我在观看一个天文星宿模型类时遇到了难题,不知该怎么启动及运用它。“姐姐,我来帮你吧~”一道稚嫩的童声在我身后响起,扭头发现,是一个小男孩,衣服上写着“志愿者”三个大字。他上前,乖巧地说:“这个是先按‘启动’,再......”他面带微笑,稚气的小脸透出一种认真,还用手势为我示范,简直与真正的导游没什么区别。诚挚地向他道谢后,我便能灵活地操纵机器,也不感叹,如此小小年纪就想着来科技馆当志愿者,我想这不仅是对科技的向往与崇敬,更是对国家未来发展的关注和热爱。
当然我也不忘,程游客们点点滴滴。瞧,那是我校的一个男生,正痴迷地挑战“数学之魅”的智力游戏,我想他日后定能在我国数学领域上大施才华;这边一间小屋子里,蓝、红、白、绿灯光随着讲解闪耀变换,一对父子,也在儿子因年龄尚小,一个劲地寻问父亲原理,而父亲只是沉默微笑,让孩子自己探索、领悟;看,那还有位约五六十岁的长者,或许是陪伴儿孙而来,但他也被这科学的奥秘所吸引,入神是望着讲解小视频,浑浊的眼中隐隐放光。这一切的一切,不都是人们对科学的追求与自信吗,不者是对未来的努力吗,
虽然科技带来的不全是好处,随之而来的有环境,社会、道德等问题,但“科技不是万能的,没有科技是万万不能”的,为了祖国的未来,为了下一代能像今天的我们一样对科技充满向往,同学们,努力吧~让科技之光更亮、更亮......
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作文三:《有关北京科技馆的文章》900字
科技之光,照亮未来
阳光照耀,巨大球形建筑熠熠生辉,照亮了这一方土地,也照亮了中华民族的未来。
一阵阵打击声,吸引我来到“华夏之光”展区,原来那是中国古代所用的水车牵引动力工作,这让我不由赞叹古代劳动人民在智慧的伟大,不需消耗什么,也不需排出什么,只是自然水的轮回,就牵动了一家人的力量之源。这难道不暗示着未来发展应朝着绿色自然的方向吗?
未来的发展方向,科技馆当然不能忽略掉它,去“挑战与未来”吧!在那有超导磁悬浮列车,作为未来的交通工具,它用最清洁的方式实现了前进;有太阳能发电钢琴,利用新能源是时代的呼唤,取之不尽,用之不竭的太阳能是我们最理想的选择;双向记忆合金,一种能“记忆”自己形状的金属,让卫星天线在太空自动打开的梦想成为现实。时代在进步,科技在发展,不正说明了科技为我们带来了美好的未来吗?
噢No,我在观看一个天文星宿模型类时遇到了难题,不知该怎么启动及运用它。“姐姐,我来帮你吧!”一道稚嫩的童声在我身后响起,扭头发现,是一个小男孩,衣服上写着“志愿者”三个大字。他上前,乖巧地说:“这个是先按‘启动’,再......”他面带微笑,稚气的小脸透出一种认真,还用手势为我示范,简直与真正的导游没什么区别。诚挚地向他道谢后,我便能灵活地操纵机器,也不感叹,如此小小年纪就想着来科技馆当志愿者,我想这不仅是对科技的向往与崇敬,更是对国家未来发展的关注和热爱。
当然我也不忘?程游客们点点滴滴。瞧,那是我校的一个男生,正痴迷地挑战“数学之魅”的智力游戏,我想他日后定能在我国数学领域上大施才华;这边一间小屋子里,蓝、红、白、绿灯光随着讲解闪耀变换,一对父子,也在儿子因年龄尚小,一个劲地寻问父亲原理,而父亲只是沉默微笑,让孩子自己探索、领悟;看,那还有位约五六十岁的长者,或许是陪伴儿孙而来,但他也被这科学的奥秘所吸引,入神是望着讲解小视频,浑浊的眼中隐隐放光。这一切的一切,不都是人们对科学的追求与自信吗?不者是对未来的努力吗?
虽然科技带来的不全是好处,随之而来的有环境,社会、道德等问题,但“科技不是万能的,没有科技是万万不能”的,为了祖国的未来,为了下一代能像今天的我们一样对科技充满向往,同学们,努力吧!让科技之光更亮、更亮......
作文四:《有关爱的英语文章》20800字
篇一:有关爱的英语文章
Love-爱Love Love artwhich involves deep emotion. loftydesire one”sinnermost heart. Real love means alsoloyalty sacrillce.One who can createhappiness, even make sacrifice hisbeloved, cannot truelover. lovedyou have love.True lovers sacrificethemselves eachother”s sake. True love needs words.One glance makeeach other understand. gentletouch inspired leaveyou intoxicated yourmemory. Even when you oldyou deepemotion. Real love
technology,love bees more noble, rich, fine all,everyone returnlove. Human love exists humanbeings. Wherever love.Let us draw courage, confidence happinessfrom love. 爱是涉及感情深处的艺术。它是人内心深处纯洁而崇高的欲
望。真正的爱不仅意味着愉快,而且意味着忠诚和义务。爱
是付出和牺牲。一个不能为所爱的人创造幸福甚 至做出牺
牲的人,不能算作一个真正的爱人。
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要得到爱就必须付出爱。真正相爱的人愿为彼此做出牺牲。
真正的爱不需要任何的 语言来表达,一个眼神就足以使彼
此互相了解。怀着尊重和敬意的握手、轻触就会令 人陶醉,
永记心头,甚至到老也会满怀深情地珍惜回忆。
真正的爱是不会忘记的。随着科技的发展,爱情变得更崇
高、更丰富、更美好和更 细腻。众所周知,人人生来就有
权爱他人,也有权拒绝他人的爱。自从有人类就有爱, 只
要是有人的地方就有爱。
让我们从爱中获取勇气、信心和幸福。
Love Learning-恋爱和学习-英语四级作文Towards love
learning,college teachers studentshold controversial views. collegeteachers, especially old teachers,argue studentsshould give up love campuslove time-and-energy-consuming tearsstudents away from maintask. studentever falls love,he/she undoubtedlyneglecthis/ her studies graduallylag behind his/her classmates. fewteachers, therefore, suggest universityauthorities restore traditionalregulation against love during students school years. contrary,students hold youngpeople campusbecause meetevery day
everydaymeeting produces romantic passion towards each other. ForbiddenTree. examplesome friendswho, falling studyingharder havemade”greater progress boy/girlfriends.
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myopinion, both views stuadentdoes givehimself/herself away drive,loveproduces positive effect. he/sheindulges himself/herself too deeply love,thenhe/she devotelover frustratedlearner.篇二:有关爱的英语文章
不管是哪一种爱我们都需要感恩,感恩父母对我们的付出,
感恩亲人间的关爱,我们也可以写一些陌生人之间的爱,人
与人之间的相互帮助也是非常感人的,上面的这些范文就是
以上的这些主题。希望大家能够写出一篇好的作文。
篇三:有关爱的英语文章
In the beginning, love is always sweet.As time is slipping away, boredom, be used to, abandonment, loneliness, despair and cold smile will e gradually.Once being eager to stay with someone forever, later, we would felicitate ourselves on leaving him/her. During those transient days, we thought we loved him/her deeply.Then, we got to know it is not love but a lie by which we fort ourselves.
开始的开始总是甜蜜的。后来就有了厌倦、习惯、背弃、
寂寞、绝望和冷笑。曾经渴望与一个人长相厮守,后来,多
么庆幸自己离开了,曾几何时,在一段短暂的时光里,我们
以为自己深深的爱着的一个人。后来,我们才知道,那不是
爱,那只是对自己说谎。
It is turned out that those who you thought you could not
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lose, actually, it is not very hard to forget them. You drained up your tears, there will be another one pleasing you. You had plunged yourself into a depression, finally, you found those who do not love you are not worthy of your sadness. Recalling those unhappy things, is it a edy? When your wrong love stops its steps, a brand-new world will be shown to you. All sadness will bee history.
你以为不可失去的人,原来并非不可失去。你流干了眼泪,
自有另一个人逗你欢笑。你伤心欲绝,然后发现不爱你的人,
根本不值得你为之伤心。今天回首,何尝不是一个喜剧,情
尽时,自有另一番新境界,所有的悲哀也不过是历史。
For love, imagination is often more beautiful than reality. The same with meeting, also with separation. We thought we would have a deep love toward somebody. Ining days will let you know in fact it just is very shallow, very shallow. The most deep and heaviest love must grow up with days.
爱情总是想象比现实美丽,相逢如是,告别亦如是。我们
以为爱得很深、很深,来日岁月,会让你知道,它不过很浅、
很浅。最深最重的爱,必须和时日一起成长。
With love, two strangers can suddenly be familiar with each other that they sleep on the same bed. However, this two similar people,
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While breaking up, say, I think you are more and more strange to me It is love that has two strangers bee acquaintances, then turning the two acquaintances into strangers again.Love is such kind of game which makes two strangers bee lovers, then return them into the original situation.
因为爱情的缘故,两个陌生人可以突然熟络到睡在同一张
床上。然而,相同的两个人,在分手时却说,我觉得你越来
越陌生。爱情将两个人由陌生变成熟悉,又由熟悉变成陌生。
爱情正是一个将一对陌生人变成情侣,又将一对情侣变成陌
生人的游戏。
I believe, love can change you, which is the advantage of youth as well as its sorrow. What has men changed perhaps es from God s love or the mercy of Budda, but they are never changed by women. The prodigal are the most unsuitable person for getting married, meanwhile, the most suitable one for marriage as well. It is not women who change the prodigal, she just appear in the very time when the prodigal want to be changed.
相信爱情可以令一个人改变,是年轻的好处,也是年轻的
悲哀。浪子永远是浪子。令男人改变的,也许是上帝的爱或
者佛祖的慈悲,但绝对不会是女人。最不宜结婚的是浪子,
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最适宜结婚的也是浪子。往往不是女人改变一个浪子,而是
女人在浪子想改变的时候刚好出现。
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?????篇四:有关爱的英语文章
美好的爱情总是令人向往的,对于爱情的感悟可以将
它写成一篇优美的散文。那么,对于英文版的要怎么写呢,
现在先和学习啦小编一起来看看这些关于爱情的散文吧~
关于爱情的:《当爱向你们挥手》 When love beckons
you, follow him, though his ways are hard and stccp. And when his wings enfold you, yield to him, though the sword hidden among his pinions may wound you. And when he speaks to you, believe in him, though his voice may shatter your dreams as the north wind lays waste the garden.
当爱挥手召唤你们时,跟随着它,尽管它的道路艰难而险
峻。当它展翼拥抱你们时,依顺着它,尽管它羽翼中的利刃
会伤害你们。当它对你们说话时,要相信它,尽管它的声音
会击碎你的梦,像狂风尽扫园中的花。
For even as love crowns you so shall he crucify you. Even as he is for your growth so is he for your pruning. Even as he ascends to your height and caresses your most tender
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branches that quiver in the sun,so shall he descend to your roots and shake them in their clinging to the earth.
爱虽可为你们加冕,也能将你们钉上十字架。它虽可助你
们成长,也能将你们削砍剪刘。它会攀至你们的高处,轻抚
你们阳光下颤动的最柔嫩的枝条,它也会降至你们的根底,
动摇你们紧紧依附着大地的根须。
All these things shall love do unto you that you may know the secrets of your heart and in that knowledge bee a fragment of life s heart.But if,in your fear,you would seek only love s peace and love s pleasure,then it is better for you that you cover your nakeness and pass out of love s threshing-floor. into the season less world where you shall laugh, but not all of your laughter, and weep. but not all of your tears. Love gives naught but itself and takes naught but from sesse, not nor would it be possessed. for love is sufficient into love.
这一切都是爱为你们所做的,使你们或许能从中领悟自己
心中的秘密,从而成为生命之心的一小部分。但是如果你们
出于畏惧只去寻求爱的和美与爱的欢乐,那你们最好掩起自
己的赤裸,离开爱的打谷场,踏人那没有季节的世界,在那
里,你会开怀,但不是尽情欢笑;你会哭泣,但不是尽为泪水。
爱除了自身别无所求,除了自身别无所取二爱不占有,也不
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被占有,因为爱有了自己就足够了.
Love has no other desire but to fulfill itself. But if you love and have desires, don t let these be your desires:
爱别无他求,只求成全自己。但如果你爱了,又有所渴求,
就别让这些成你的所求吧:
To melt and be like a running brook that sings its melody to the night
融化为一道奔流的溪水,在夜晚吟唱自己的清曲。
To know the pain of too much tenderness.
体会太多温柔带来的痛苦。
To be wounded by your own understanding of love
被自己对爱的体会所伤害。
And to bleed willingly andjoyfully.
心甘情愿地淌血
To wake at dawn with a winged heart and give thanks for another day of loving;
清晨,带着一颗生翼的心醒来,感谢又一个充满爱的日子;
To rest at the noon hour and meditate love s ecstasy;
午休,沉思爱的心醉神怡;
To return home at eventide with gratitude; And then to sleep with a prayer for the beloved in your heart.
黄昏,带着感激归家;睡前,为你心中的挚爱祈祷。
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关于爱情的英语散文:《你很像我的第五任丈夫》 Even at
the age of 75. Thelma was very vivacious and full of life. Wh her husband passed away, her children suggested that she move to a senior living munity. A gregarious and life-loving person. Thelma decided to do so.
已经75岁的西尔玛依旧十分活跃,富有朝气在她丈夫过世
之后,她的儿女们建议她搬去老人社区生活西尔玛是一个喜
欢辛卜交、热爱生活的人,欣然接受儿女们的建议.
Shortly after moving in,Thelma became a self-appointed activities director, coordinating all sorts of things for the people in the munity to do and quickly became very popular and made many friends.
搬进老人社区后不久,西尔玛自动请缨,成为各项活动的
组织者,负责为社区居民协调各类事务,很快便赢得了社区
居民的喜欢,也结交了很多新朋友.
When Thclma turned 80, her newfound friends showed their appreciation by throwing a surprise birthday party fur her. When Thelma entered the dining room for dinner that night, she was greeted by a standing ovation and one of the coordinators led her to the head table. The night was filled with laughter and entcrtainmnt. but throughout the evening ,Thelma could not take her eyes off a gentleman
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sitting at the other end of the table.
西尔玛80岁生11那天,她那些新交的朋友为表示对她的
感谢,决定给她办一个惊喜生日派对。当西尔玛像平常一样
去餐厅吃晚餐时,餐厅内所有的人都站起来欢迎她,一位组
织者将她引到上座入座。整个晚宴充满欢声笑语,大家都很
尽兴,但整个晚上,西尔玛的眼睛都不曾离开过坐在桌子另
一端的那位老先生。
When the festivities ended, Thelma quickly rose from her seat and rushed over to the man Pardon me, Thelma said, Please forgive me if I made you feel unfortable by staring at you all night. I just couldn t help myself from looking your way. You see, you look just like my fifth husband.
宴会结束后,西尔玛马上起身,走到那位老先生面前。
对不起 ,西尔玛说到, 今晚我一直盯着你看,如果这让
你很不舒服的话,希望你能原谅我,但我实在没法忍住,总
想要朝你所在的方向看。你知道为什么吗,因为你和我的第
五任丈夫太相像了!
Your fifth husband! replied the gentleman. Forgive me for asking, but how many times have you been married?
第五任丈夫! 那位老先生说道, 那么请原谅我这一问,你
结过几次婚呢?
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With that, a smile came across Thelma s face as she responded, Four.
这时,西尔玛笑容满面地回答: 4次。
They were married shortly after.
不久后他们就结婚了。
关于爱情的英语散文:《礼轻情深》 A story is told about,
a young married couple whose names are Jim and Dclla. They are poor but very much in love with each other.
有一对夫妻,丈夫叫吉姆,妻子叫黛拉他们生活窘迫,但
是彼此深深相爱.
As Christmas approaches, Della wonder what to get Jim for C hristmas. She would like to give him a watch chain fur his gold watch. but ;he doean t have a enough money. Then she gets an idea.She has beautiful long hair. So Della decide, to cut off her hair and sell it buy the fancy chain for Jim s watch.
圣诞节前,黛拉考虑着该给吉姆买什么样的圣诞礼物她想
给他的金表配一根表链,可钱不够。后来她想到了一个主意。
她长有一头漂亮的长发,因此她决定将长发剪短换钱,这样
就可以给吉姆买一根漂亮的表链了。
On Christmas Eve she return s home, and in her hand is beautiful bos containing a gold watch chain which she
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purchased bys elling her hair. Suddenly Della begins to worry. She knows Jim admired her long hair, and she wonders if he will be disappointed that she cut it ott and sold it.
平安夜,拿着一个装有金表表链的礼盒,黛拉向家中走去
没错,表链正是她用卖掉自己的头发的钱买来的。黛拉有些
担心,她知道古姆非常喜欢她长长的秀发,而待会看到她的
头发被剪短,他会很失望吗?
Della climbs the final flight of stairs leading to their tiny apartment. She unlocks the door and is surprised to find Jim home and waiting for her. In his hand is a neatly wrapped box containing the gift he purchased for her.
黛拉在不安中走完了通向他们那面积不大的公寓的最后一
级楼梯。打开门,她惊讶的发现吉姆正在家中等她回家。他
手里拿着一个包装精美的盒子,里面装着的当然是给她的礼
物。
When Della removes her scarf, Jim sees Della s short hair, and tears well up in his eyes. But she says nothing. He chokes back the tears and gives Della the gift box.
到家后黛拉解开头巾,看到黛拉剪短的头发,吉姆眼中泛
泪,而她什么也没说。控制住眼泪.吉姆将手中的礼盒递给黛
拉。
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When Della opens it, she can t believe her eyes. There in the box is a set of beautiful silver bs for her long hair.
打开礼盒,黛拉不敢相信自己的眼睛,礼盒里装有一套漂
亮的银质梳具,一套为她曾经的秀发准备的梳具。
And when Jim opens his gift, he, too, is astonished. There inside the box is a beautiful gold chain for his gold pocket watch. Only then does Della realize that Jim pawned his gold watch to buy her the silver hair bs.
打开礼盒后,吉姆同样惊呆了,礼盒里正是黛拉给他买的
漂亮的金表表链。黛拉那时才知道,为了给她买这套银质梳
具,吉姆已经将金表抵押给了当铺。
Far more beautiful than the gifts is the love they symbolize.
比礼物更美的,是礼物所表现出的对彼此的爱。
篇五:有关爱的英语文章
爱是一个永恒不变的主题,不论古今中外,爱都是人们探
讨的话题和写作的内容,因为爱能够感动所有的人。
也正是因为生命中有了爱,才把人们紧紧相连在一起,并
且懂得珍惜和认真对待每一个人。
就让关于爱的英语作文陪伴大家找寻更多的爱吧~
1、《Love》
Love makes the world go around.Love to us human is what water to fish.Love shines the most beautiful light of
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humanity,we born in it,we live by it.Too often we take it as granted,but we should know love is a priceless gift we should cherish.I have heard a saying :the quickest way to receive love is to give it; the fastest way to lose love is to hold it too tightly the best way to keep love is to give it wings.It is important for us to learn to love as the first class in our life.
2、《Love makes the world go around》
Love to us human is what water to fish.Love shines the most beautiful light of humanity,we born in it,we live by it.Too often we take it as granted,but we should know love is a priceless gift we should cherish.But how to cherish the love?I have heard a saying :the quickest way to receive love is to give it; the fastest way to lose love is to hold it too tightly the best way to keep love is to give it wings.
It is important for us to learn to love as the first class in our life.Only when you know how to love than you will be a real man in this world.Love brings us warmth in
theWww.CSpeNgbO. 蓬勃范文网:有关爱的英语文章)
fearful coldness,love brings us bright when life gets hard and dark.Love brings us confidence toward life when we are tired out and want to give up.
Love deserves all the admiring words,and love is even
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beyond the life and death.That is what love is all about in my eyes.
3、《Love》
Love is an art which involves deep emotion. It is a pure and lofty desire in one”s innermost heart. Real love means
not only a pleasure, but also loyalty and obligation. To love is to give and sacrifice. One who can not create happiness, even make sacrifice for his beloved, cannot be counted as a true lover.
To be loved you have to love. True lovers are willing to sacrifice themselves for each others sake. True love needs no expression in words. One glance is enough to make each other understand. A handshake, a gentle touch inspired by respect and admiration, will leave you intoxicated and remain in your memory. Even when you are old you will recall and cherish it with deep emotion.
Real love is unforgettable. With the development of science and technology, love bees more noble, rich, fine and subtle. As is known to all, everyone is born with the right to love and also the right to refuse to return love. Human love exists with human beings. Wherever there are people, there is love.
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Let us draw courage, confidence and happiness from love.
4、《Love》
Love is a ray of sunshine in the winter, the cold and hunger person feels particularly of warmth; Love is the desert a spring, make thirsty man have renewed the fire of hope; Love is the long drought earth a downpour, is in accordance with the nurses who get warm consolation. Love is everywhere, love can not only warm others, still can warm oneself. Send person rose saved said wasn”t it the reason?
Everyone needs love, the world need more love. Let the world fill with love, is our each person responsibility. Because only we are living in a world filled with love, our hearts will have love. You remember on May 12, 2008 the chuan earthquake? And you have to listen to the sound of wrenching eclogue tearing cry for help? You still have see that YiJuJu bloodied corpses? And you had smelt a drop of tears drop? It is the tears of the lost relatives! The tears expressed relatives, but for all the emotion of a lost relatives with emotions, is that who forced them to leave tears? Is heaven? Is the upbringing of their earth? No, are not. Is the relentless disaster, ruthless earthquakes. However earthquake ruthless, people are sentient beings!
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Yes, in that piles of rubble, we saw that willow father-in-law familiar faces. Ah! Rescue people, armed police officers is They came, they e, hope, and we saved, that”s rubble a fragile life kept Shouting. Then, the rescue teams separate search hard in the debris that each the miracle of life. At this time the sweat from their cheeks drop down, but they shrugged it off, continue to perform their duties. Their faith: as long as there is a glimmer of hope, they”ll pay a thousand times even million times efforts, even pay the cost of life, also a massacre. When a and a survivor had to be rescued, they even systemic injuries, never forget to say the simplest, most plain two words: thank you!
This is the national excellent character!
Aftershocks continued, and they -- help angel also had will farther around. This is so great and selfless dedication spirit! It is these great unselfish people, they use oneself that one heart loved too many people, those who be loved man can love continue.
Yeah! Earthquake ruthless people love! It is the first soldiers, giving us the world too much love, would create a another the miracle of life.
Even if we can”t do the stars, then you have to do a firefly,
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although small, but can also lit up the world a certain corner; Even if we can”t do flowers, then you have to do a single grass, even flimsy, but can also have a green; Even if we can”t do hero, then you have to be a love person, although
identity humble, but also can make victims get a little warm.( )
Let the world fill with love, you and me and he coexistence!
5、《Love》
In the beginning, love is always sweet.As time is slipping away, boredom, be used to, abandonment, loneliness, despair and cold smile will e gradually.Once being eager to stay with someone forever, later, we would felicitate ourselves on leaving him/her. During those transient days, we thought we loved him/her deeply.Then, we got to know it is not love but a lie by which we fort ourselves.
It is turned out that those who you thought you could not lose, actually, it is not very hard to forget them. You drained up your tears, there will be another one pleasing you. You had plunged yourself into a depression, finally, you found those who do not love you are not worthy of your sadness. Recalling those unhappy things, is it a edy? When your wrong love stops its steps, a brand-new world will be shown
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to you. All sadness will bee history.
For love, imagination is often more beautiful than reality. The same with meeting, also with separation. We thought we would have a deep love toward somebody. Ining days will let you know in fact it just is very shallow, very shallow. The most deep and heaviest love must grow up with days.
With love, two strangers can suddenly be familiar with each other that they sleep on the same bed. However, this two similar people,
While breaking up, say, I think you are more and more strange to me It is love that has two strangers bee acquaintances, then turning the two acquaintances into strangers again.Love is such kind of game which makes two strangers bee lovers, then return them into the original situation.
I believe, love can change you, which is the advantage of youth as well as its sorrow. What has men changed perhaps es from God”s love or the mercy of Budda, but they are never changed by women. The prodigal are the most unsuitable person for getting married, meanwhile, the most suitable one for marriage as well. It is not women who change the prodigal, she just appear in the very time when
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the prodigal want to be changed.
6、《When Love Beckons You》
When love beckons to you,follow him,though his ways are hard and steep.And when his wing sen fold you,yield to him,though the sword hidden among his pinions may wound you.And when he speaks to you,believe in him,though his voice may shatter your dreams as the north wind lays waste the garden.
For even as love crowns you so shall he crucify you. Even as he is for your growth so is he for your pruning. Even as he ascends to your height and caresses your tenderest branches that quiver in the sun, so shall he descend to our roots and shake them in their clinging to the earth.
But if, in your fear, you would seek only love”s peace and
love”s pleasure, then it is better for you that you cover your nakedness and pass out of love”s threshing-floor, into the
seasonless world where you shall laugh, but not all of your laughter, and weep, but not all of your tears. Love gives naught but it self and takes naught but from itself. Love possesses not, nor would it be possessed, for love is sufficient unto love.
Love has no other desire but to fulfill itself. But if you love
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and must have desires, let these be your desires:
To melt and be like a running brook that sings its melody to the night.
To know the pain of too much tenderness.
To be wounded by your own understanding of love;
And to bleed willingly and joyfully.
To wake at dawn with a winged heart and give thanks for another day of loving;
To rest at the noon hour and meditate love”s ecstasy;
To return home at eventide with gratitude;
And then to sleep with a payer for the beloved in your heart and a song of praise upon your lips.
7、《I Love My Parents》
Parents gave me life in this world,I love the most is them.
Expressing of loving parents do not need to pass a language that I love them.Whatever we can do some little things.In the Father”s Day or Mother”s Day,we can prepare a delicious breakfast for them.We can remember their birthdays.In their birthdays,we don”t need to buy gifts,but have to say happy birthday.
When parents e home from work,we can hand them a cup of hot water to make them relax.We can help parents to
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share some of the housework,so that they have more time to rest.As part of the family,we should take active to do housework.If we read out,we should always contact them,tell them recent things of our own.Let them not worry about us.
It is known to all our parents love is priceless,is not asking for anything.We should love them in return. But,parents can be very simple love.As long as the life of more concern to them,for them to have been very satisfied.Just do it.
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作文五:《有关挫折的英语文章》3100字
What has been your biggest frustration to date? How did you handle the situation?
A:As we all know,failure is the mother of success.In our daily life,we must meet with some frustrations.So What has been your biggest frustration to date?
B:As far as I'm concerned,I e across my biggest frustration when I'm a junior student.At that monment,I'm bad at my subjects and I have problem in learning math.But,I would graduate in two moths.I don't know whether I would enter the second middle school or not.I'm hopeless.
C:I'm sorry to hear that.I meet with my biggest frustration when my grandmother was died.when I heard the news at school,I brust into tears.On the way to home,I can't stop cryinng.I don't know how I get home.No one else knew how sad I was.
D:If only I had that grandmother who loved me very much.My biggest frustration is PE test last term.My teacher is very strict ahd serious.When we test 1000 meter,I can't finish it on time.So he asked me redo it once and once again.When the class is over,I still didn't finish it .but I felt that I was dying.Finally I couldn't pass PE exam.
E:You are unluck.My biggest frustration is English.I have poor memory in memorizing English word.When I was a senior student,our teacher often asked me to write the new words we just learned.Beacause I couldn't write down them,my teacher asked me to stand in class.I'm embarrassed.
A:When we meet with frustration,we must overe it instead of giving it up.So how do you overe the biggest frustration that you just said?
E:At that moment,I wanted to give it up.But,my teacher encouraged me to try my best.He teached me how to memorize the new words quickly.So every morning,as soon as I got up,I would take out my English book to read the words loudly.Gradualy,I made great progress in my English with the help of my teacher and I got the chance to take part in the nation English test.
C:I overe the frustration by listen to the classical songs.every time when I thank of my grandmother,I would listen to the songs that my grandmother liked as if my grandmother had said: I love you very much ,my dear grandson.I hope you can live happily and pay attention on your study.I would stay with you.That's how I overcame the frustration.
A:My poor oral English is my biggest frustration.In order to improve my oral English,I began to watch English films and try my best to repeat the words as much as I can.what's more ,in my free time,I always listen to English songs.In addtion,every morning,I would read the English book aloud.I spare every effort to improve my oral English.
B:You are all excellent.I overcame it by working harder.Every day,I did more exercise and my mother helped me witn the problem that I didn't know how to do them.In class,I focused on what the teacher said and took notebooks carefully.Aftern class,I would ask my good friend for help.Finally,I entered the second middle school.
D:For me,this term,in the evening,I ran five cycles around the groud.at the begaining,I was very tired,I wanted to give it up.My roommates encouraged me to resist on it.So I ran day and day.At last,I pass PE exam easily.I'm very happy.
作文六:《有关科技的名言英语》7800字
有关科技的名言英语
篇一:与“科技”有关的名言警句 [1000字]
与“科技”有关的名言警句 1. 科学的不朽荣誉,在于它通过对人类心灵的作用,克服了人们在自己面前和在自然界面前的不安全感。
——爱因斯坦
2.只有有效地继承人类知识,同时把世界最先进的科学技术知识拿到手,我们再向前迈出半步,就是最先进的水平,第一流的科学家。
——温伯格
3.天才跟科学结合,才能产生最大的效果。
——斯宾塞
4.科学家的成就是全人类的财产,而科学是最无私的领域。
——高尔基
5.科学是我心中的温暖和愉快,你使我无所畏惧,视死如归。入狱者虽难得重见天日,你却能把锁链和铁窗粉碎。
——布鲁诺
6.科学就是整理事实,以便从中得出普遍的规律和结论。
——达尔文
7.科学是人类智慧的结晶和硕果??展望科学的未来,人类将高
举科学的火炬登上宇宙的天堂。
——霍金
8.什么知识最有价值?一致的答案就是科学。
——斯宾塞
9.科学是人们生活中最重要、最美好和最需要的东西。
——契诃夫
10.没有科学和艺术,就没有人和人的生活。
——列夫?托尔斯泰
11.人民需要科学,不发展科学的国家,必将沦为殖民地。
——约里奥?居里
12.科学是对狂热和狂言最好的解毒剂。
——亚当?斯密
13.不管过去还是现在,科学都是对一切可能的事物的观察。所谓先见之明,是对即将出现的事物的认识,而这认识要有一个过程。
——达?芬奇
14.科学是没有国界的,因为她是属于全人类的财富,是照亮世界的火把,但学者是属于祖国的。
——巴斯德
15.在科学上没有平坦的大道,只有不畏劳苦沿着陡峭山路攀登的人,才能希望达到光辉的顶点。
——马克思
16.书本要服从科学,而不是相反。
——培根
17.科学本身就具有伟大的美。一位从事研究工作的科学家,不仅是一个技术人员,并且他是一个小孩,在大自然的景色中,好像迷醉于神话故事一般。
——居里夫人
18.科学研究是探索未知,科研人员既要有严肃、严密和严格的学风,又要有敢想、敢干和敢闯的精神。二者不可缺一。
——朱兆良
19.进行科学研究时,我一向比较重视对最终结果的预测。
——卢嘉锡
20.科学规律的本身是客观真理,是不会陈旧的。人们运用这些规律的方式和作出的相应设计方案,却是日新月异的。
——王竹溪
21.科学、科学知识总是假设的:它是猜想的知识。科学的方法是批评的方法:寻求和消灭错误并服务于真理的方法。
——卡尔?波普尔
22.科学精神在于寻求事实,寻求真理。
——胡适
23.科学技术发展到今天,已是综合的、大规模的、集体的事业。
——王方定
24.科学常是在千百次失败后最后一次成功的。
——徐特立
25.科学知识的积累是科学发展的必要前提,至于最后由谁来总其大成,也许带有偶然的、幸运的彩。
——谈家桢
篇二:科技的名言警句
?科学技术是第一生产力。
——**
?感谢科学,它不仅使生命充满快乐和欢欣,并且给生活以支柱和自尊心。 ——巴甫洛夫
?整个社会由于科学迅速发展得到的好处待以弥补其所造成的损害。
——斯坦普
?科学的幻想归根结底是科学和技术的大胆创造。
——费定
?科学的目的不在于为无穷的智慧打开大门,而是在无穷的谬误前面划一条界线。 ——布莱希特
?科学的进展是十分缓慢的,需要爬行才能从一点到达另一点。
——丁尼生
?科学始终是不公道的,如果它不提出十个问题,也就永远不能解决一个问题。 ——萧伯纳
?科学的界限就像地平线一样,你越接近它,它挪得越远。
——布埃斯特
?科学的唯一目的,在于减轻人类生存的艰辛。
——布莱希特
?科学是一种强有力的工具。怎样用它,究竟是给人带来幸福还是带来灾难,全取决于人自己,而不取决于工具。刀子在人类生活上是有用的,但它也能用来杀人。
——爱因斯坦
?科学给人自由,以反抗自然法则。它致力于把自然力量的魔杖交到人手中;它要使我们的精神摆脱万物的奴役。
——泰戈尔
?科学是人类的共同财富,而真正科学家的任务就是丰富这个全人类都能受益的知识宝库。
——科尔莫戈罗夫
?一种科学要对人类的知识有所贡献,也不必勉强人家信服。相信不相信,要看成绩,它可以耐心等待用自己的研究成果来引起大家的注意。
——弗洛伊德
?人类用知识的活动去了解事物,用实践的活动去改变事物;用前者去掌握宇宙,用后者去创造宇宙。
——克罗齐
?生活给科学提出了目标,科学照亮了生活的道路。
——米哈伊洛夫斯基
?自然科学是人们争取自由的一种武器。
——**
?观察、试验、分析是科学工作常用的方法。
——李四光
?应当热爱科学,因为人类没有什么力量比科学更强大,更所向无敌的了。 ——高尔基
?攻克科学堡垒,就像打仗一样,总会有人牺牲,有人受伤,我要为科学而献身。 ——罗蒙诺萦夫
?攻城不怕坚,攻书莫畏难。科学有险阻,苦战能过关。
——**
?治科学者,必有待于史学上之材料;而治史学者,亦不可无科学上之知识。 ——王国维
?神奇的预言是神话,科学的预言却是事实。
——列宁
?真正的科学就能够提高人民的自学,非科学的东西就会加深人民的迷惘。 ——徐特立
?科学是使人的精神变得勇敢的最好途径。
——布鲁诺
?科学,按其本质,是历史的;历史的继承和批判,无疑是科学的重要特征之一。 ——赵金珊
?科学,绝非轻而易举的事业,只有坚毅的智者才适于从事科学。
——蒙田
?科学,绝非富于神秘色彩的号角,而仅仅是人们手中改造世界的工具。 ——约翰?伯纳德
?科学的根本精神,全在养成观察力。
——梁启超
?真知特识,必从科学而来。
——孙中山
?要建设,就必须有知识,必须掌握科学。
——斯大林
?科学与艺术是人民的光荣,并给人民增添幸福。
——爱尔维修
?科学与艺术属于整个世界,在它们面前,民族的障碍都消失了。
——歌德
?科学之兴,实对抗于宗教。
——蔡锷
?科学工作千万不能固执己见。缺乏勇于认错的精神,是会吃大亏的。
——钱学森
?科学失去道德标准,接着就会丧失认识力量和实践活动,于是科学就变成伪科学。
——皮萨尔日夫斯基
?科学世界是无穷的领域,人们应当勇敢去探索。
——童第周
?科学有点儿像你呼吸的空气——它无处不在。
——艾森豪威尔
?科学,你是国力的灵魂;同时又是社会发展的标志。
——徐特立
?科学把品德高尚的人与那些我们不应该尊为英雄的人面善心的人严格地区分开来。
——约?德莱顿
?自然界是解决科学难题的最好的和最客观的老师。
——道库恰耶夫
?科学的历史,从某种意义上说,就是错觉和失败的历史,是伟大的顽愚者以笨拙和低效能进行工作的历史。
——寺田寅彦
?科学的不朽荣誉,在于它通过对人类心灵的作用,克服了人们在自己面前和在自然界面前的不安全感。
——爱因斯坦
?只有有效地继承人类知识,同时把世界最先进的科学技术知识拿到手,我们再向前迈出半步,就是最先进的水平,第一流的科学家。
——温伯格
?天才跟科学结合,才能产生最大的效果。
——斯宾塞
?科学家的成要是全人类的财产,而科学是最无私的领域。
——高尔基
?数理科学是大自然的语言。
——伽利略
?科学是我心中的温暖和愉快,你使我无所畏惧,视死如归。入狱者虽难得重见天日,你却能把锁链和铁窗粉碎。
——布鲁诺
?科学就是整理事实,以便从中得出普遍的规律和结论。
——达尔文
?科学是人类智慧的结晶和硕果??展望科学的未来,人类将高举科学的火炬登上宇宙的天堂。
——霍金
?什么知识最有价值,一致的答案就是科学。
——斯宾塞
?科学是人们生活中最重要、最美好和最需要的东西。
——契诃夫
?没有科学和艺术,就没有人和人的生活。
——列夫?托尔斯泰
?人民需要科学,不发展科学的国家,必将沦为殖民地。
——约里奥?居里
?科学是我们时代的神经系统。
——高尔基
?科学是埋葬形形色色褪了色的思想的坟场。
——乌纳穆诺
?科学是对狂热和狂言最好的解毒剂。
——亚当?斯密
?不管过去还是现在,科学都是对一切可能的事物的观察。所谓先见之明,是对即将出现的事物的认识,而这认识要有一个过程。
——达?芬奇
?所谓科学,包括逻辑和数学在内,都是有关时代的函数,所有科学连同它的理想和成就统统都是如此。
——穆尔
?科学是没有国界的,因为她是属于全人类的财富,是照亮世界的火把,但学者是属于祖国的。
——巴斯德
?在科学上没有平坦的大道,只有不畏劳苦沿着陡峭山路攀登的人,才能希望达到光辉的顶点。
——马克思
?书本要服从科学,而不是相反。
——培根
?科学本身就具有伟大的美。一位从事研究工作的科学家,不仅是一个技术人员,并且他是一个小孩,在大自然的景色中,好像迷醉于神话故事一般。
——居里夫人
?科学研究是探索未知,科研人员既要有严肃、严密和严格的学风,又要有敢想、敢干和敢闯的精神。二者不可缺一。
——朱兆良
?进行科学研究时,我一向比较重视对最终结果的预测。
——卢嘉锡
?大胆设想,小心求证。看来大胆还是必要的,当然大胆要建筑在扎实工作基
础上。
——赵金科
?科学规律的本身是客观真理,是不会陈旧的。人们运用这些规律的方式和作出的相应设计方案,却是日新月异的。
——王竹溪
?科学的真正的、合法的目标说来不外是这样:把新的发现和新的力量惠赠给人类生活。
——培根
?科学、科学知识总是假设的:它是猜想的知识。科学的方法是批评的方法:寻求和消灭错误并服务于真理的方法。
——卡尔?波普尔
?科学精神在于寻求事实,寻求真理。
——胡适
?科学需要一个人的全部生命。
——朱冼
?科学技术发展到今天,已是综合的、大规模的、集体的事业。
——王方定
?科学知识的积累是科学发展的必要前提,至于最后由谁来总其大成,也许带有偶然的、幸运的色彩。
——谈家桢
?进步不是什么事件,而是一种需要。
——斯宾塞
?前进是生活的法则,不然人就不能称作为人。
——勃郎宁
?科学本身就有诗意。
——斯宾塞
?任何科学的结论都不该看成是永恒不变的。
——邓拓
?搞科学、做学问,要“不空不松,从严以终”,要很严格地搞一辈子工作。 ——华罗庚
?对全人类来说,只有一种共同利益,那就是科学的进步。
——圣西门
?科学是系统化了的知识。
——斯宾塞
?科学是一种强大的智慧力量,它致力于破除禁锢着我的神秘的桎梏。 ——高尔基
?科学常是在千百次失败后最后一次成功的。
——徐特立
?独立思考,实事求是,锲而不舍,以勤补拙。
——周培源
?任何科学上的雏形,都有它双重的形象:胚胎时的丑恶,萌芽时的美丽。 ——雨果
?向一切成功者和失败者学习思想方法。
——何祚庥
?科学事物,必须不断研究,认真实验,得寸进尺地深入、扩展,通过韧性的战斗,才能可能获取光辉的成就。
——陈佳洱
?科学是“无知”的局部解剖学。
——霍姆斯
?人们喜欢猎奇,这就是科学的种子。
——爱默生
?一切伟大的科学理论都意味着对未知的新征服。
——卡尔?波普尔
?科学在今天是我们的思维方式,也是我们的生活方式,是我们人类精神所发展到的最高阶段。
——郭沫若
?各种科学发现往往具有一个共同点,那就是勤奋和创新精神。
——钱三强
?科学经历的是一条非常曲折、非常艰难的道路。
——钱三强
篇三:关于科学的名言警句
关于科学的名言警句
?科学是使人的精神变得勇敢的最好的途径(布鲁诺)
?要提倡科学,靠科学才有希望(**)
?科学技术这一仗,一定要打,而且必须打好(**)
?四个现代化,关键是科学技术的现代化。没有现代科学技术,就不可能建设现代农业、现代工业、现代国防(**)
?短浅的眼光限制了我们,使我们不相信重力、化学及植物等科学的法则(爱献生)
?历史上生产资料,都是同一定的科学技术相结合的;同样,历史上的劳动力,也都是掌握了一定的科学技术知识的劳动力----(**) ?科学技术是第一生产力(**)
?科学种田,越种越甜
?在马克思看来,科学是一种在历史上起推动作用的、革命的力量(恩格斯)
?它(科学)是社会变革的力量(贝尔纳)
?在我们现代世界中,再没有第二种力量可以与科学思想力量相匹敌(恩格特?卡西尔)
?科学绝不是一种自私的享受,有幸能够致力于科学的研究的人,首先应该拿自己的学识为人类服务(马克思)
?科学是人类的共同财富,而真正的科学家的任务就是丰富这个令人类都能受益的知识宝库(科尔莫戈罗夫)
?人类的整个发展取决于科学的发展,谁除非科学的发展,谁就阻碍了人类的发展(弗希特)
?科学与艺术属于整个世界,在它们面前,民族的障碍都消失了----(歌德)
?科学是脑力劳动,是脑力劳动的产物;而诗歌只能看成是它的消遣(培根)
?艺术是活的科学(科克托)
?在科学的入口处,正像在地狱的入口处一样,必须提出这样的要求:“这里必须根绝一切犹豫,这里任何怯懦都无济于事。”----(马克思) 人类的生存方式,20万年前与10万年前相比,不会有太大的改变;3000年前与2000年前相比,不会有太大的改变;600年前与500年前相比,不会有太大的改变。但是,今人与古人其实早已今非昔比,即使是现在与100年前相比,也已完全不一样。是什么推动了人类历史的发展,是什么让人类开始了新的生存方式,
我说,这便是科技,是科技的发展才推动了人类的进程,是科技的发展才使人类有着这崭新又美好的生活。纵观千古,哪朝哪代不是重视科技的发展,回首过去,看四大发明,独具鳌头;观天文历法,为之惊叹;览赵州拱桥,设计精妙;窥《本草纲目》,东方巨典;瞻圆周率值,七位小数;眺丝绸之路,发展经济;端
青花瓷器,扬名海外。科技发展是强国之路,科技发展是中华民族进步的第一动力,没有科学,我们哪来的今天的幸福生活,没有科技,我们哪来的舒适的物质生活与精神享受,没有科技的进步,我们哪能吃到杂交二号,我们哪能穿上全棉衣服,我们哪能住进高楼大厦,
问,科技发展利大还是弊大,毋庸置疑,当然是利大~作何解释,不用解释~中华文明八千年历史文明就是铁证如山,历史每时每刻都在改变,科技每时每刻都在发展。人类从茹毛饮血原始生活学会利用或烧熟食物,从依靠自然到繁殖饲养,从手无寸铁到冶金炼石,这不都是进步,这不都是发展,如果是弊端大于利的话,那人类为什么都还不约而同的选择了进步,只有进步才能使明天更美好~
一个人不进步是可悲的,一个国家不进步是没落的,一个世界不进步是黑暗的。只要在不断的进步中,人类的生活才可以得到升华。人类是渺小的,人类是脆弱的,他没有庞大的身躯,没有牛似的力气,没有乌龟的硬壳。但上天给予了人类一颗聪慧的大脑,一双勤劳的双手,人类没有坐享其成,而是选择了不断进步,才可以在今天站在了食物链的顶端。
让我们把今天的生活和十万年前相比,我们是至高无上的;把今天和几千年前相比,我们是居高临下的;把今天和几百年前相比,我们是幸福舒适的;把今天和明天相比,未来是美好光明的。几千年来,从马车变成了轿车、火车、飞机;从煤油灯变成了白
炽灯、霓虹灯、节能灯;从海角天涯变成了近在咫尺、视频聊天、鼠标一点尽知天下事。
我们是幸福的,我们是幸运的,我们赶上了一个科技高速发展的时代,一个充满高科技的时代,这不光光是我们的祖先在进化时选择了发展,选择了进步,也包括了所有人的不懈努力,刻苦钻研,我们今天的日子时有多少辛勤的科学家们用智慧甚至生命换来的。
因为法拉第,我们生活的周围才充满了各种各样的电器;因为达尔文、因为孟德尔,我们才可以更好地了解自己,认知自己;因为扁鹊,因为华佗,因为李时珍,我们的生命才能得到保障。
我们周围的一切,不都是他们给我们换来的吗,生活如此舒适,生活如此惬意,生活如此美妙,我们的平均寿命比古代提高了30岁,看望亲友甚至不用出家门,这不都是科发展给我们带来的好处吗,
所以说,科技改变历史,我们探讨科技的发展利大还是弊大是不需要质疑的,因为就是利大~利大~利大~你说科技发展带来了大气污染、你说科技发展产生了白色垃圾、你说科技发展形成了气温变暖??所有的事情不可能都是十全十美的,越明亮的地方后面的阴影就越暗,但就凭这些你就断定科技发展弊大于利,“世异则是事异”时代不同,所遇到的问题也不同,再说大气污染,各省各市都推出了预防预案;白色垃圾,统一处理;汽车尾气造成气温变暖科学家们也研发了太阳能汽车。看看现在、太阳能热
水器、太阳能空调、太阳能电池??环保节约的太阳能已经逐步进入千家万户,这不是科技在发展吗,
虽然有弊端,但比起造福人类,环保家园的科技发展理念,无关痛痒,只要有弊端,科学家们同样会想办法去解决,我们不能因噎废食,科技发展的步伐一刻也不会停止。科技发展,无可厚非,就是利大,这个辨题唯一的答案~就因为科技一直在进步,科学一直在发展,狡猾的诡辩,笼统的只言片语,无理的胡搅蛮缠都改变不了这个真理。如果你说科技发展弊大于利,请问,你能在一周之内不坐车来上课,不用中性笔、不用圆珠笔、不用钢笔,你能在一周之内不看电视、不听新闻,不看报纸,不读书,不上网,你能在一周之内不吃研发的杂交水稻,不吃面食,不喝饮料,不能不能,你不能也不可能能,因为科技已经和你息息相关,已经和你密不可分~在请问,如果你给主席写信,说建议停止一切科研活动,大家是送给你鲜花,还是那板专拍你,
科技改变历史,不错的,没有科技发展,我们的生活是无法想象的,我们的日子是昏天黑地的,是科技发展救了我们,是科学把我们从水生火热的年代拯救了出来。我们更应该怀着一颗敬畏之心去尊敬他,怎能口是心非地说科技发展弊端累累,
科技改变历史,知识改变命运。我们跨入了21世纪,跨入了一个充满高科技的时代。科学改变了我们的生活,科学改变了我们的命运。“知识就是力量”,我们中华人民共和国,13亿人口的泱泱大国,为何能在世界面前挺起胸脯,因我们的科技在不断的发
展~我们的科技在不断的进步~
科技发展利大于弊,这是一个亘古不变的主题
作文七:《科技英语文章的特点与翻译》2200字
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任何作品均有特定的文体,原文的文体不同,翻译方法也随之而异。试观察下列几个片断的原文及其译文。
”It appears that you’ve got the offer of a very good job.”
”A wonderful job.”
”Are you going to take it ?”
”I don’t think so.”
”Why not?’
”I don’t want to.”
“听说有个很好的工作要你去干。”
“挺好的工作。”
“打算干吗,”
“不。”
“为什么不干,”
“不想干。”
这是小说中的一段对说,属于口语文体。其特点是:用词自由,句法结构简单,短句与省略句多,自然朴素,生活气息浓厚。在译文中进一步体现汉语口语的特点,省去主语“你”、“我”;将英语的一个句子I don’t think so。干脆译成一个字“不”,显得简洁有力。
She was of a helpless, fleshy build, with a frank, open countenance and an innocent,
diffident manner. Her eyes were large and patient, and in them dwelt such a shadow of distress as
only those who have looked sympathetically into the countenances of the distraught and helpless
poor know anything about.
那妇人生着一副绵软多肉的体格,一张坦率开诚的面容,一种天真羞怯的神气。一双大落落的柔顺眼睛,里边隐藏着无穷的心事,只有那些对于凄惶无告的穷苦人面目作过同情专业提供提供各大机构考研、公务员、四六级辅导视频课
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观察的人才看得出来。上面五十一个词的片断,就运用了十个形容词,占五分之一。and in then
dwelt such a shadow of distress是非常优美生动的文学语言,译文保持了一风格。
Johns acplished a spectacular debut for his NHL career tonight, the first score launching a four -point first period out burst,to lead the Johnson City High Hats to a 6:4 victory over the Montreal Teals and their eighth consecutive game without a loss.
在全国手球联赛中克拉克约翰斯今晚初试锋芒,引起轰动。上半场领先四分,首开记
录。克拉克发挥中坚作用,约翰逊市高帽队终以6:4击败蒙特利尔市小鸭队,创造了连胜八
场未负一场的战绩。
这是属于应用文的新闻文体,其特点是简明扼要,短小精悍,结构紧凑,笔锋犀利。
上述这则电讯只有一个句子,却把一场球赛描绘得淋漓尽致,富于吸引力。
The range of a voltmeter may be extended by means of a series resistor called a multiplier as shown in Fig.2.The fullscale reading of the meter alone may be 15volts.With the multiplier 250volts may be required to move the pointer to full-scale, 135 volts across the multiplier and 15volts across the meter.
从上述的一段科技文章,不难看出其文体与修辞手段与前面列举的文艺小说,新闻报
道等迥然不同。科技文体崇尚严谨周密,概念准确,逻辑性强,行文简练,重点突出,句式
严整,少有变化,常用前置性陈述,即在句中将主要信息尽量前置,通过主语传递主要信息。
科技文章文体的特点是:清晰、准确、精练、严密。那末,科技文章的语言结构特色
在翻译过程中如何处理,这是进行英汉科技翻译时需要探讨的问题。现分述如下:
一、大量使用名词化结构
《当代英语语法》(A Gramm
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作文八:《[英语]读科技文章的技巧》6900字
[英语]读科技文章的技巧
當代科學技術發展迅速,每天有大量的英語科技文章、新聞及其他科技資料發表在各類報刊和網絡上,要想把這些英語科技文獻資料都及時翻譯成中文是不可能的。如果想要及時掌握最新的科技信息,把握住現代科技發展的脈搏,最好的解決辦法是自己直接閱讀英語文獻資料,獲得第一手信息。只要有較好英語的基礎,再掌握英語閱讀的技巧,做到這一點並非很難。
閱讀技能是學習任何語言的基本技能之一。語言技能有四種,即聽、說、讀和寫,其中說和寫的技能屬於主動性技能,比較難掌握,而聽和讀的技能屬於被動性技能,比較容易掌握。閱讀技能相對來講是最容易掌握的技能。為什麼閱讀技能會比較容易掌握,因為人們在閱讀時,可以自己控制閱讀速度,可以查閱字典,壓力較少,因此比較容易達到人們的閱讀目的。本文將以一些閱讀實例,來討論英語閱讀技能和技巧,及其掌握學習的方法。
英語語言教學和研究人員對英語閱讀技能和技巧的分類有所不同,但基本上可分為四種。第一種是精讀(intensive reading skill);第二種是泛讀(extensive reading skill);第三種是略讀(skimming reading skill);第四種是掠讀(scanning reading skill);每種閱讀技能和技巧都有其特點和要求,下面分別對這四種閱讀技能和技巧做一些介紹。
精讀技能
精讀(Intensive Reading)在四種閱讀技能和技巧中要求最高,對所閱讀的文章,要做到逐字細讀,不但要了解文章的主題思想和內容,了解文章的文法結構,而且要掌握每個字詞的意義和用法,必要時還需要把文章翻譯成中文。精讀閱讀技能是學習和研究英語的人或從事翻譯人員必需要掌握的技能,但對只需要查閱英語科技文獻和信息的科技工作者,在多數情況下不需要使用精讀技能。運用精讀技能,不是看文章的長短,而在於是否需要對所閱讀的英語資料文章做深度了解和研究。
下面以一則英語新聞為例,來簡要說明通過精讀,要到達什麼樣的標準?
英語原文:(此文摘自2000年3月25日美國加利福尼亞州矽谷地區一份非常具有權威性的,以科技消息為主的報紙《聖荷西水星報(San Jose Mercury News)》商業版C1科技新聞部分)
IBM Developing chips for TV set-top boxes Computer giant IBM said Friday it is developing chips for televison set-top boxes that will transform TV sets into interactive, two-way information appliances. By Computing PowerPC processors and television set-top box ponents into a single "system-on-a-chip," the Armonk, N.Y., pany aims toimprove system performance and lower prices. "The PowerPc is an ideal chip because it
has a good radio of power consumption, performance and low cost,”said Tom Haffhil, an analyst for MicroDesign Resource.
分析:本文是一則新聞,報導美國IBM公司研發新產品的消息,其標題是IBM Developing chips for TV set-top boxes,意為“IBM公司研發電視機頂盒晶片”
這篇短文共有81個字,三個句子,二個複合句,其中有一個是直接引語,還有一簡單句。
第一句:" Computer giant IBM saidFriday it is developing chipsfor televison set-top boxes that will transform TV sets into interactive, two-way information appliances. "這是一個複合句,主句含賓語從句“said: "Friday it is...... information appliance.",賓語從句中含有定語從句“that will transform TV sets into interactive, two-way information appliances"修飾詞組“televsion set-top boxes"。
第二句:“By Computing PowerPC processors and television set-top box ponents into asingle "system-on-a-chip," the Armonk, N.Y., pany aims to improve system performance and lower prices." 這是一個簡單句,主語是"the Armonk, N.Y., pany",謂語動詞是"aims",“to improve......"是不定式短語,作為目的狀語,說明"aims"目的是什麼。"By Computing PowerPC....."是介詞By引導的短語,也是狀語,表示“aims"的手段。
第三句:"The PowerPc is an ideal chip because it has a good radio of power consumption, performance and low cost,” said Tom Haffhil, an analyst for MicroDesign Resource."這是一個有直接引語的複合句,引號內為直接引語,它是一個複合句,其中"The PowerPc is an ideal chip"是主句,"because it has......"是原因狀語,修飾主句。Tom Haffhil是主句的主語,an analyst for MicroDesign Resource是同位語,修飾主語Tom Haffhil的身份,said是主句謂語動詞。
只有在了解了句子結構後,才能準確理解文章內容。除此之外,還要對文章的詞匯含義,時態等做分析。到此,只是按精讀的要求,做了很少的一部分分析,還有許多細節要討論。由於文章篇幅限制,就不再做更進一步的分析了。精讀技能不是一朝夕就能學會的,它需要有比較全面的英語知識,需要通過大量的閱讀訓練才能掌握好。
另外三種閱讀技能和技巧,對需要及時了解大量英語科技信息的人們,更為實用,使用頻率高,也比較容易掌握。熟練掌握了這三種英語閱讀技能和技巧,對提高精讀技能水平很有幫助。
泛讀技能
泛讀(Extensive Reading)顧名思義可以知道它是要廣泛的閱讀,通過閱讀大量英語文章,來提高英語語感和擴大知識面。泛讀沒有什麼特別要求,關鍵在於一個量。如果能堅持
經常閱讀一定數量的英語文章,每周閱讀二至三篇文章即可。英語文章長度可長可短,因人而異。科技人員工作忙,時間少,開始做泛讀練習時,可以從500字開始,以後逐漸增加長度,一般控制在2000至3000字左右為宜。如果能堅持下去,一年以後,英語水平一定會有很大提高,到那時自己可以感覺出來這種變化。
有一點要注意的是,選擇泛讀文章題材要盡量多樣化,這樣才能保証知識和詞匯涵蓋面。如果時間有限,當然也可以只選擇與自己專業相關題材的文章。盡量選擇一些自己感興趣的文章,是一個能保証泛讀訓練持久的好辦法。
在做泛讀練習時,要求雖然不像精讀那樣嚴格,但是必須要從頭到尾把文章讀完,對文章的關鍵詞語和句子要有所理解。為了達到這樣的要求,最好根據文章的內容或特點,事先提出一些問題,在閱讀之後,回答這些問題,以鞏固閱讀效果。下面一些問題可以作為泛讀練習提問的內容參考。
1. What is main theme of the ? 文章的主題思想是什麼?
2. How many paragraphs does this have? 此文有幾個段落?
3. What is the topic sentence
of each paragraph? 每段的主題句是什麼?
4. Pick up the sentences you are most interested and analyze them. 挑選出你最感興趣的句子,並做分析。
5. List the important and useful words and phrases.記錄下重要的和有用的單詞和短語。
除了上面這些問題外,讀者也可以加上自己想要回答的問題。初級英語讀者可以先用中文提問題,隨著水平的提高,逐步直接用英語提問題。
略讀技巧
略讀(Skimming)是一種快速閱讀技巧,在查詢大量英語文獻時非常有用。略讀是快速閱讀文章,目的是了解文章主題思想。略讀時不需要逐字去讀,而是尋找文章內關鍵詞語,主題句,從而了解文章的主題思想。在這個基礎上,決定是否選
取此資料,是否需要進一步精讀。現在以下面的短文為例,說明如何運用略讀技技巧,找出
此文的主題思想。
In Praise of New York City (Excerpt)It might appear to any casual visitor who may have taken a few rides about town in a taxicab that all New Yorkers are filled with aloudmouthed ill will toward each other. The fact of the matter is, though, that however cold and cruel thingsseem on the surface, there has never been a society of people in all history with somuch passions for its fellow man. It clothes, feeds, and houses 15 percent of its own because 1.26 million people in New York are unable to do it for themselves. Your couldn't call that cold or cruel.
Everyone must have seen pictures at least of the great numberof poor people who live in New York. And it seems strange, in view of this, that so many people
e here seeking their fortune or maybe someone else's. But if anything aboutthe city's population is moreis more impressive than the great number of poor people. There's no need to search forburied treasure in New York. The great American dream is out in the open for everyone to see and to reach for. No one seems to resent the very rich. It must be because eventhose people who can never realistically believe. They'll get rich themselves can still dream about it. Andthey respond to the hope of getting what they see others having. Their hope alone seems to be enough to sustainthem. The woman going into Tiffany's to buy another diamond pin can pass within ten feet of a man without money enough for lunch. They are oblivious to each other. He feels no envy; she no remorse.
There's a disregard for the past in New York that dismayseven a lot of New Yorkers. Itis true that no one pays muchattention to antiquity. The immigrants who came here camefor something new, and what New York used to be means nothing to them. Their heritage is somewhere else.
Old million-dollar buildings are constantly being torn down and replaced by new fifty-million-dollar ones. InLondon, Rome, Paris, much of the land has only been built on once in all their long history. In relatively new New York, some lots have already been built on four times.
Because strangers only see New Yorkers in transit, they leave with the impression that the city is one grealy mindless rush to nowhere. They plain that it's moving too fast, but they don't notice that it's getting there first. For better and for worse, New York has been where the rest of the country is going.
這篇短文約500字。用略讀技巧,應該在2-3分鐘內讀完全文。文中用彩色斜體字,是閱讀時應該注意句子或詞語。此文主題是介紹紐約市及人們對紐約市的正反兩個方面的看法
(This is about New York City and both positive and negative impressions on New York from the people.)。了解短文的主題,就等於有一條線索,幫助讀者更好的理解文章。略讀是在大量英語文獻中,查找和選擇所需要的資料時,非常有用的閱讀技巧。
掠讀技巧
掠讀(Scanning)也是一種快速閱讀技巧,與略讀不同的是,它用來查詢文章中的特定信息。人們在日常生活和工作時,都在自覺或不自覺地在使用掠讀技巧。例如,看飛機時刻表,查找特定的航班時間;查字典時,查閱所需要的詞匯;看文章時,查找特定的信息;看報紙廣告時,查找所需要的廣告信息等等。下面是一
組找工作的英文廣告,使用掠讀的辦法快速找出有幾個廣告是關於電腦程序員(Programmer)工作。
掠讀時,是找特定信息,所以只需要查看有programmer一詞的廣告,其他完全不需要看,下面的一組廣告應該在不到一分鐘就讀完,迅速找到所有programmer的廣告。
查找結果,一共有五則廣告,畫有紅圈的即是相關廣告。
略讀和掠讀技巧對閱讀的速度是有要求的,要越快越好。在訓練這兩種閱讀技能時,最好用表來記時,來督促自己,不斷提高閱讀速度。
在了解英語四種基本閱讀技能和技巧後,就是要通過練習,熟練掌握這些閱讀技能。掌握了這些閱讀技能後,等於有了得力助手,就可在浩如煙海的英語文獻海洋中,遂心暢游,迅速查到自己所需要的資料。
作文九:《科技英语翻译的文章答案》62900字
1.The Nature of Light
光的性质
Many years ago, if we looked in a dictionary, we would find that light was described as the opposite of darkness.
许多年前,我们打开词典就会发现,光被解释为黑暗的反义词。
Today scientists tell us that light is a form of energy that radiates or gives off rays just as a pebble creates waves if we dropped it into a pond of water.
(如何翻译长的定语?)
今天,科学家告诉我们说,光是能的一种形式,光能够辐射或者放出光线,就像我们将一块小石头投入水中时在水面上激起波浪一样。
These rays, or light waves, as they are sometimes called, can travel through space and certain kinds of materials.
这些光线,即人们有时所说的光波,能够穿过空间及某些种类的材料。
Light waves that reach and enter our eyes produce a sensation that we call sight.
到达并进入我们眼睛的光波,能够产生一种我们叫做视觉的感觉。
Light is our guide to the world around us.
光是我们认识周围世界的向导。
Because of light we can see our way around our homes; we can see to walk through streets; we can see the sky and we can even read this book.
由于有了光,我们能够看得见我们家园的道路;我们能够看得见,因而能够在街上走;我们能够看得见天空,甚至能够读这本书。
If you closed your eyes, you would not see this page because your eyelids would prevent the light rays from entering your eyes.
如果你闭上眼睛,就会看不到这一页,因为你的眼皮会阻止光线进入你的眼睛。
Thus, we have established one fact about light: unless the light from an object enter our eyes, we can not see the object.
我们由此而肯定了有关光的一个事实:只有当一个物体射来的光进入我们眼睛的时候,我们才能看到该物体。(反译)
Some objects, like the sun, stars and the electric bulb give off their own light.
有些物体,如太阳、星星和灯泡,自身能够发光。
They radiate light because they are very hot, or as scientists call them, red-hot and white-hot bodies.
它们之所以能够发光,是因为它们是一些非常热的,或者正如科学家们所说,赤热的和白热的物体。
The light waves they radiate are known as incandescent light.
(incandescent: 白热的,白炽的)
它们所射出的光波叫做白炽光。
Most of the light we receive is from the largest source of incandescent light – the sun.
我们接收到的大部分光都是来自最大的日光源——太阳。
Another source of light is produced by electric sparks in tubes containing special gases; that is known as fluorescent or cold light.
另一种光源是由电火花在含有特殊气体的管子中产生的;这种光叫做荧光或冷光。
The light we see directly from the source of light, such as the sun, an electric bulb or a
fluorescent lamp, is known as direct light.
我们所看到的直接由太阳、灯泡、荧光灯等光源发出的光叫做直接光。
If this light is reflected or bounced off a surface in the same manner as a ball thrown against a wall, the light is known as indirect or reflected light.
直接光如果反射回来,或者从一个表面弹回来,如同一个投掷到墙上的球被墙壁弹回来那样,这种光就叫做间接光或反射光。
The light we see from the moon or the planets is an example of this type of light.
我们所看见的来自月亮或行星的光就属于这种光。
It is light from the sun that has been reflected by the surface of the moon or that of the planets before it reaches our eyes.
它是由太阳发射出来,经月球表面或行星表面的反射后才到达我们的眼睛的。
Light is also a messenger of the universe.
光也是宇宙的一位使者。
The light we see either directly from the sun and stars or indirectly from the moon and planets, not only tells us that they exist, but also enables us to determine their location.
我们所看见的光,不论是直接来自太阳或恒星,还是间接来自月球或行星,不仅告诉我们它们的存在,而且还能使我们确定它们的方位。
Scientists have told us that light is a form of energy because it produces chemical changes in objects.
科学家告诉我们说,光是能的一种形式,因为它能使物体产生化学变化。
The light that green plants receive helps the plants to make their food from water and carbon dioxide.
绿色植物收到的光有助于植物从水和二氧化碳中制造自己的食物。
We can see that without light, they would not grow and there would be no food.
由此可见(我们可以看到),如果没有光,植物也就不会生长,因此也就不会有食物。 Another example of chemical change produced by light takes place within every camera. 照相机内发生的化学变化是光所引起的化学变化的另一个例子。
The light striking the specially prepared chemical coating on the film produces an image or picture on that film.
光照射在胶卷表面特制的化学涂层上就在胶卷上产生了图像。
Likewise, the light that strikes the special chemical coating of a photoelectric tube or cell bines with that chemical to produce an electric current.
同样,照射到光电管或光电池的特殊涂层上面的光,同该化学品结合,便会产生电流。
2.What are puters?(1)
什么是计算机?(一)
Since their first appearance on earth, men have gathered information and have attempted to pass useful ideas to other men.
人类首次出现在球上以来,就开始收集信息并试图把有价值的思想传递给其他人。
The carving of word-pictures on the walls of ancient caves as well as hieroglyphics on stone tablets represent some men's earliest efforts to convey information.
雕刻在石板上的象形文字,以及古老洞穴的石壁上雕刻的生动字画,都反映了人类早期试图传递信息所做的努力。
Scenes of hunting, maps of battles, and the stories of heroes were put down for all to see. 狩猎的场面、作战的地图和英雄的故事被雕刻下来,使大家都能看到。
But as civilizations grew more plex, better methods of munication were needed. 但是随着人类文明发展到比较复杂的阶段,就需要更好的交流方式了。
The written word, carrier pigeons, the telegraph, and many other devices carried ideas faster and faster from man to man.
书面文字、信鸽、电报以及其许多种设施使信息在人们之间传递得越来越迅速。
In recent years one type of machine, the electronic puter, has bee increasingly important in the lives of all the people in the industrialized nations of the world.
近些年里,一种机器——电子计算机——在世界工业化国家所有人的生活中变得日益重要起来。
Computers are now widely used aids for munication, calculation, and other activities. Their effect bees more important every day.
计算机现在已成为通讯、计算以及他活动中广泛使用的工具,其作用变得越来越重要。 Man has always been interested in extending the range of his senses and the power of his mind. 人类一直对拓展其感知范围与增进智能很感兴趣。
Through the years, he has invented many instruments to help him see better and understand more.
许多年来,人类已发明了许多工具来帮助自己观察得更清楚、了解得更多。
The telescope, for example, was invented to allow him to look at far away objects.
比如,人们发明了望远镜以便能看到远处的物体。
To see the very small things in the world, the microscope was developed.
为了看清世界上极小的物体,人们又发明了显微镜。
Radio, telephone, and telegraph are means by which man has extended the range of his senses of hearing and speech.
收音机、电话和电报都是人们用以拓展其听觉和说话范围的手段和工具。
While developing his power of thought, man first began to identify and count objects. He began to ask the questions "What is it?" and "How many?" It was a long time ago that this numbering and paring of things began.
在增强其思维能力的过程中,人类首先开始认知和计量物品。人们开始问―这是什么?‖和―有多少?‖之类的问题。这种物品计量与比较的方法很早以前就已开始。
New ways of helping with counting and recording information evolved. Some marks were taken to represent certain quantities, and other marks were taken to represent relationships between quantities.
帮助计算和记录信息的新方法产生了。一些不同的符号用来表示不同的数量,另一些符号则用来表示不同数量间的关系。
New devices to aid in the manipulation of numbers were added to make the job faster and more accurate.
用以帮助数字处理的新设备已经发展起来,工作起来更快更准确。
Electronic puters are among the fastest and most useful instruments for sorting and paring now in use.
电子计算机是目前用来进行分类和比较的最快捷、最有用的设备之一。
Computers provide the means for greater speed and accuracy in working with ideas than had previously been possible.
计算机提供了以前所未有的速度和精度编制计划的手段。
With the development of these new tools, it is as if man has suddenly bee a millionaire of the mind.
随着这些新工具的产生,人类似乎突然间变成了智力的百万富豪。
Although man has been growing mentally richer ever since he started to think, the electronic puter allows and will continue to allow him to perform tremendous ―mental‖ tasks in a relatively short time.
自从人类有了思维,尽管其思想发展得越来越丰富,然而计算机却可以使他们,并将继续使他们在相对短暂的时间内完成浩瀚的“心智”任务。
Great scientists of the past produced ideas which were the basis for great advances, but their ideas sometimes had to wait for years before they were understood sufficiently well to be of practical use.
过去的大科学家提出的见解为后来的重大发展奠定了基础,但他们的思想有时要等待许多年才能为世人所理解而得到实际应用。
With the puter, the ideas of today's scientists can be studied, tested, distributed, and used more rapidly than ever before.
有了电子计算机,当今科学家的思想要比以往任何时候都迅速地得以研究、试验、传播和应用。
What are puters?(2)
什么是计算机?(二)
Old lines and methods of munication do not work easily or efficiently with as much information as we have now.
陈旧的通讯系统和方法很难从容而有效地处理当今我们所拥有的众多信息。
The repeated actions of preparing, sorting, filing, distributing, and keeping track of records and publications can be as troublesome as calculating.
对各种记录和出版物进行收集、分类、存档、分发这类工作机械重复,就象计算一样麻烦。 l 主语“The repeated actions of …”译成谓语“机械重复”
Errors occur because men grow tired and can be distracted.
人会产生疲劳,会思想分散,因而就会出错。
l 逆序译;加“会”字
The basic job of puters is the processing of information.
计算机的主要工作是处理信息。
For this reason puters can be defined as devices which accept information, perform mathematical or logical operations with the information, and then supply the results of these operations as new information.
鉴于此,计算机可以被定义为一种装置,即接受信息、对信息进行数学或逻辑处理,然后把处理结果作为新信息提供出来的装置。
l 如何处理长的定语?此例为一有效方法
Although a sharp dividing line between types of puters is not always easy to see, puters are usually divided into two broad groups: digital and analog.
尽管各类计算机之间很难找到明显的分界线,但计算机往往被分为两大类:数字计算机和模拟计算机。
l digital and analog 加词译为“数字计算机和模拟计算机”。
Digital puters work by using specific information which is usually in the form of numbers. Analog puters, on the other hand, usually process continuous information.
数字计算机使用数字形式的特定信息来运作,而模拟计算机则通常处理连续的信息。 To explain this difference, let us consider two devices which handle information in a manner similar to the two types of puters.
为了解释这一区别,我们来看一下两种装置,它们处理信息的方式和这两类计算机相似。
A turnstile, which has a counter attached to it, can help to explain the way a digital puter works.
装有计数器的旋转门有助于解释数字计算机的工作原理。
Each time a person passes through the turnstile, the indicator quickly jumps from one number toanother, each number registered is separate and specific.
每当有人通过旋转门时,指示器就迅速地从一个数字跳到另一个数字,(所显示的)每个数字都是独立而具体的。
The continuous change in the level of sand in an hourglass as time passes makes it an analog device. Perhaps the first analog putation was the use of graphs for the solution of surveying problems.
沙漏里随着时间的流逝而不断变化的沙位,使其成为一种模拟装置。也许第一次模拟计算就是运用图表解决勘察问题。
Among the first analog puters was the one set up by Lord Kelvin in 1872 to predict the height of tides in English harbours.
为了预测英国各港口潮汐的高度,凯尔文勋爵于1872年建造了最早的模拟计算机。
The machine contained pulleys, levers, and weights whose actions imitated the effect of winds, the moon, and the sun on tides.
这架机器有滑轮、杠杆以及砝码,能够模拟风、月球和太阳对潮汐的影响。
As the known influence of these factors changed, the plex equations represented by the insides of the machine would give continual indications of how the tides were to rise and fall. The results were to e out in the form of a graph.
当这些因素的已知影响发生变化时,机器内各部件代表的复杂等式就会不断提供海潮如何涨落的信息,其结果以图表的形式表达出来。
Although the machine was not a plete success, it did mark a beginning.
尽管这部机器并非十分成功,但它却标志着一个开端。
Regardless of their direction of form, puter developments and uses of the future will depend upon the cleverness and skill of men. Men created puters, and men will continue to
improve them.
不论其方向或形式如何,未来计算机的发展和应用都需依靠人的智慧和技能。人类发明了计算机,人类也将不断改进计算机。
Computers can work through a series of problems and make thousands of logical decisions without being tired.
计算机能够连续处理一系列问题,做出数以千计的逻辑判断而不会感到疲倦。
Computers can reach solutions to problems in a fraction of time it takes men to do the job.
计算机用很少的时间就能找到问题的答案,而人要完成同样的任务,所用的时间要多得多。 l 用反译法。试比较译文:计算机只需用人用来解决问题的很小一部分时间就能找到问题的答案。
Computers can replace men in dull, routine tasks, but they are not creative and cannot exercise value judgements.
计算机能代替人从事那些枯燥的、程式化的工作,但它没有创造力,不能进行价值判断。 Computers have no originality; they work according to the instructions given to them. 计算机没有独创性,只能按指令行事。
There are times when puters seem to operate like mechanical "brains", but their achievements are not very great when pared to what the minds of men can do.
计算机运行起来有时就象一个机械―大脑‖,但它们取得的成就与人脑所能达到的水平相比,就不怎么了不起了。
3.Keeping Food on the Table (Text 6 of English Reading II) (1)
It‘s early August and the countryside appears peaceful. Planting has long been finished and the fields are alive with strong, healthy crops.
八月上旬,乡间田野呈现出一派宁静的景象。春耕播种早已结束,地里的庄稼正在茁壮成长,大地充满了生机。
Soybeans and wheat are flourishing under the hot summer sun, and the corn, which was ―knee-high by the fourth of July‖, is now well over six feet tall.
大豆小麦在夏日的骄阳下长势喜人。在7月4日国庆时,玉米还高不没膝,而现在已有六英尺多高了。
Herds of dairy and beef cattle are grazing peacefully in rolling pastures which surround big, red barns and neat, white farmhouses.
成群的奶牛和菜牛在绵延起伏的草场上安静地啃食青草,在牧场的中间座落着几栋红色大牲口棚和几幢整洁的白色住房。
Everything as far as the eye can see radiates a sense of prosperity. Wele to the Midwest—one of the most fertile agricultural regions of the world.
放眼望去,到处都展现着繁荣的景象。欢迎到中西部来――这里是全世界最富饶的农业地区之一。
The tranquility of the above scene is misleading. Farmers in the Midwest put in some of the longest workdays of any profession in the United States.
上面所描述的宁静景象会使人产生错觉。其实中西部的农民在美国所有的职业中投入的工作量最大。
In addition to caring for their crops and livestock, they have to keep up with new farming techniques, such as those for bating soil erosion and increasing livestock production.
除了照料庄稼和牲畜外,他们还得跟上最新的农业技术,比如防止土壤侵蚀的技术、增加牲畜产量的技术。
It is essential that farmers adopt these advances in technology if they want to continue to meet the growing demands of a hungry world.
如果农民想要继续满足这个饥饿世界越来越大的需求,就必须采用这些先进的技术。
Agriculture is the number one industry in the United States and agricultural products are the country‘s leading export.
农业是美国最大的产业,农产品是美国的主要出口产品。
American farmers manage to feed not only the total population of the United States, but also millions of other people throughout the rest of the world.
美国农民不但养活全部的美国人,还为世界其他地区的几百万人提供食品。
Corn and soybean exports alone account for approximately 75 percent of the amount sold in world markets.
仅玉米和大豆两项出口产品就大约占世界市场销售总量的75%。
This productivity, however, has its price.
但这样的生产力是要付出代价的。
Intensive cultivation exposes the earth to the damaging forces of nature.
集约型耕种使土壤受到自然界破坏力量的侵袭。
Every year wind and water remove tons of rich soil from the nation‘s croplands, with the result that soil erosion has bee a national problem concerning everyone from the farmer to the
consumer.
每年自然界的风和雨都要从这个国家耕地上带走大量肥沃的土壤,结果土壤侵蚀现已成为一个关系到从农民到消费者每一个人的全国性问题。
Each field is covered by a limited amount of topsoil, the upper layer of earth which is richest in the nutrients and minerals necessary for growing crops.
耕地的表面覆盖着一层有限的表层土,这是土壤最上面的一层,所含的作物生长所需的养分和矿物质最为丰富。
Ever since the first farmers arrived in the Midwest almost 200 years ago, cultivation and, consequently, erosion have been depleting the supply of topsoil.
自从第一批农民约二百年前来到中西部地区以来,农业耕种以及由此引起的土壤侵蚀一直在损耗着表层土。
In the 1830s, nearly two feet of rich, black topsoil covered the Midwest. Today the average depth is only eight inches, and every decade another inch is blown or washed away.
19世纪30年代,中西部地区肥沃的黑土层几乎有二英尺厚,而今天,它的平均厚度只有八英寸了,而且每十年就有一寸表层土被风刮走或被水冲走。
This erosion is steadily decreasing the productivity of valuable cropland.
这一土壤侵蚀的情况一直在降低着宝贵的农田的生产力。
A United States Agricultural Department survey states that if erosion continues at its present rate, corn and soybean yields in the Midwest may drop as much as 30 percent over the next 50 years.
美国农业部的一项调查显示,土壤侵蚀如果按目前的速度继续下去,50年后美国中西部地区的玉米和大豆产量将下降30%。
So far, farmers have been able to pensate for the loss of fertile topsoil by applying more chemical fertilizers to their fields; however, while this practice has increased crop yields, it has been devastating for ecology.
迄今为止,农民只能靠向田地里施用更多的化肥来弥补肥沃的表层土的流失。这种作法尽管提高了粮食产量,但却严重地破坏了生态。
Agriculture has bee one of the biggest polluters of the nation‘s precious water supply. 农业已成为宝贵的水资源的最大污染源之一。
Rivers, lakes, and underground reserves of water are being filled in and poisoned by soil and chemicals carried by drainage from eroding fields.
从受侵蚀的田地里的排水系统中排出的水夹杂着泥土和化学物质(化肥),这些水正在流入并污染着河流、湖泊及地下水资源。
Furthermore, fertilizers only replenish the soil; they do not prevent its loss.
另外化肥只能补充土壤中的养分,却不能防止其流失。
Clearly something else has to be done in order to avoid an eventual ecological disaster. 很明显,为了避免最终出现的生态灾难,必须采取措施。
Conservationists insist that the solution to the problem lies in new and better farming techniques.
自然资源保护论者一直认为,出路在于使用农业新技术。
Concerned farmers are building terraces on hilly fields, rotating their crops, and using new plowing methods to cut soil losses significantly.
为了大幅度地减少土壤损失,农民正在山坡地上修梯田,轮种庄稼并采用新的耕作方法。 Substantial progress has been made, but soil erosion is far from being under control.
虽然我们在这方面已经取得了相当大的进展,但土壤侵蚀问题仍然远远没有得到控制。
Keeping Food on the Table (Text 6 of English Reading II) (2)
The problems and innovations of the agricultural industry in the Midwest are not restricted to growing crops.
中西部地区农业产业的问题及革新并不只局限在增加粮食上。
Livestock raising, which is big business in the central region of the United States, is also undergoing many changes.
家畜养殖是美国中部地区的一大产业,而且现在也正在经历着种种变革。
Recent developments in technology have enabled farmers to raise not only healthier animals, but more animals as well.
技术上的最新发展已使农民不但能饲养出健康的家畜来,而且还能增加其数量。
By employing the techniques of super-ovulation, artificial insemination, and embryo transfer, farmers can more than triple the number of offspring produced by a single cow per year.
通过采用增多排卵、人工授精和胚胎移植技术,农民可以使每母牛产崽数增加两倍多。 The procedure of acplishing this remarkable feat is as follows.
这是一项这项了不起的技术,其实施过程如下:
First, the farmer chooses a cow on the basis of certain valuable traits, such as rapid weight gain or high milk production. A veterinarian then injects the cow with hormones which cause the animal to super-ovulate, that is, to produce more eggs, or ―ova‖, than the usual one or two.
首先,农民根据某些有价值的特性,比如增重快或产奶量高而挑选出一头母牛,之后兽医给这头母牛注射能促其增加排卵的激素(荷尔蒙),就是说要使其排出比正常情况下1-2个更多的卵子或卵细胞。
As many as ten or more ova may be released in one super-ovulation.
在一次增加排卵中能够排出多达10个甚至更多的卵细胞。
While the ova are moving down the Fallopian tubes toward the uterus, about five days after super-ovulation, the cow is artificially inseminated with semen from a prize bull.
大约在为增加排卵而注射激素的5天后,当卵子顺着输卵管向子宫移去时,就用优种公牛的精液对母牛进行人工授精。
If the insemination is successful, the eggs are fertilized and bee living embryos, each of which has the potential to develop into a calf.
如果这一步成功,卵子便受精,成为活的胚胎,每个胚胎都有可能长成一头牛犊。 Next es the process of embryo transfer.
下一步就是胚胎移植。
After the embryos have developed in the uterus for six to eight days, they are carefully removed and examined for defects. Each healthy embryo is then implanted in the uterus of a different cow, where it continues to develop.
当胚胎在子宫发育6至8天后,要把它们小心地取出来并检查是否有缺陷,之后把每一个健康的胚胎移植到不同的母牛子宫内,在那里继续发育成长。
Nine months later the surrogate mother gives birth to a healthy calf to which she is not genetically related.
9个月后代孕母体就会产下一头健康的小牛犊,代孕母体与这头小牛犊并无遗传关系。 The result of the entire procedure is that a farmer can increase the size of a herd of cows at a rate which was previously impossible.
整个过程的结果就是农民能够以先前不可能有的速度增加其牛群的数量。
Although three to four calves are the average, as many as ten or more may be produced from the embryos of one mother cow.
虽然一头母牛的胚胎通常产3到4头小牛,但多时可达10头或10头以上。
The possible applications of these techniques are overwhelming when one considers that by freezing an embryo until its sister embryo has been born and bee sexually mature, it is even possible for a cow to give birth to its identical twin sister!
这种技术的应用可能性是极大的。我们可以设想,用冷冻办法先把一只胚胎冷冻起来,等到它的姐妹胚胎降生并性发育成熟时再移植其体内,那么甚至都可能让一头母牛产出一头和它一模一样的母牛来。
As the world‘s population continues to increase, farmers will be called upon to produce more and more life-sustaining food.
随着世界人口不断增多,农民需要生产越来越多的维持生活的食物。
Constant technological advances in soil conservation and livestock production will be required to keep pace with this ever-growing need.
在土壤保护和家畜生产方面要求技术要不断革新,以便满足这种日益增长的需求。
One concern, however, is that while this technology is solving old problems, it may be creating new ones in the process.
但有一点需予以注意,即技术在解决老问题的同时也许会产生出新的问题。
4. 卞杰明·富兰克林(一)
"As we enjoy great advantages from the inventions of others, we should be glad to serve others by any inventions of our own... I have no private interest in the acceptance of my inventions by the world. I have never made, nor propose to make, the least profit by any of them.‖
―我们在享受着他人的发明给我们带来的巨大益处,我们也必须乐于用自己的发明去为他人服务……在世界领受我的发明时;我并不心怀私欲。我过去没有,以后也不想从我的任何发明中得到那怕是些微的利润。‖
Benjamin Franklin spoke these words in the year 1742. Today his philosophy of serving others through science and invention still influences the history of science in the United States.
这些话是卞杰明.富兰克林在1742年说的。他所主张的通过科学与发明为群众服务的哲学,至今仍然影响着美国科学史。
Franklin's practical approach to science was shown by an early experiment in which he studied file heat of the sun. Using different colored pieces of cloth, he found that the darker the color of the material, the greater the amount of heat it would absorb. The lighter the color, the greater it would reflect heat. In reporting these findings more than two centuries ago, he said: "We learn from this that black clothes are not as fit to wear in a hot, sunny climate as white ones. Summer hats for men and women should be white to reduce the heat."
富兰克林对科学的实际探讨,是从他对太阳热能研究的早期的一项实验开始的。他把不同颜色的布片放到阳光下,发现布的颜色愈深,吸收的热量愈大,颜色愈浅,反射出来的热量也愈大。两个多世纪前,他在揭示这个发现时说道:―从这里可以得知:在赤日炎炎.的盛夏穿黑色衣服不如穿白色的凉快。人们热天戴的帽子也应以白色为宜,因为它可减少热量的吸收。
It took almost a century for this advice to be generally followed by millions of people around the world. But this was only one of Franklin's many contributions based on his desire to make
practical use of facts gathered from personal observation and experiment. This desire made him a better inventor than a scientist.
富兰克林的这个观点为世人所接受已差不多是一个世纪以后的事情了。但是,这只是他为人们所作的许许多多贡献中的一个,他总是以亲身的观察和实验得出结论应用到实际中去。正是在这种愿望的指导下,他才作出一系列的贡献。他的这个愿望,使他成为与其说是一位科学家,不如说是一名发明家。
Franklin had many of the qualities of an inventor. They included great curiosity, broad interests, mechanical skills, the ability to continue with a task until pleted, and a practical view of life. But, eyen more than these, he also had a sense of the valuable uses of science for the benefit of his fellow men.
富兰克林有着发明家所具有的许多品德,这包括;强烈的好奇心,广泛的兴趣,对机械的熟练,不达目的誓不罢休的精神,以及对生活的实际态度。但更为重要的是他具有为了他的同胞而对科学进行有价值的应用的抱负。
At the age of 21, for example, while living in Philadelphia, Franklin formed a club. It was a discussion group which met each week. At the meetings, each member presented a question ofscience, politics, literature, or philosophy which was discussed by the entire group. Franklin's social philosophy is clearly seen in the promise he required of each new member. He asked that they love their fellow man regardless of what religion or profession they followed; that they see
that no person was armed for holding any opinion; that they love truth for the sake of truth and try, without showing favor, to find troth and municate it to others.
例如,他在21岁住在费城时,组织了一个俱乐部。这是一个每星期聚会一次的讨论小组。在会上,每个会员都提出关于科学、政治,文学或哲学上的问题由全组进行讨论。富兰克林的社会哲学观可从他要求每一新会员都必须遵守的会章中清楚地看出。他要求会员:热爱同胞,不管他们的宗教和职业是什么;不要伤害任何坚持已见的人;为了探索真理而热爱真理;不追名逐利;努力发现真理并传与他人。
At the same time he also began the printing business which was to make his fortune. For the next 20 years, he prospered in Philadelphia. By the time he was 42 years old, he was wealthy enough to retire from business. He then turned his interest to public and private affairs. The record of his great role in public affairs, especially in the American Revolution, is the story of the period in which the United States was born.
这样,在21岁时,富兰克林出发到美洲新大陆去深造。同时,他开始经营印刷业,这使他交上好运。这以后的二十年里,他在费城发迹。到了42岁时,他已是十分富有,并因此退出商界。然后他的兴致转至公众及私人的事务中去。他在公众事务中,尤其是他在美国革命时期所发挥重要作用的经历,是与美国建国初期的一段历史息息相关、不可分割的。
卞杰明·富兰克林(二)
Our interest here, however, is with Franklin's other story—that of a man of science. In spite of his, desire to gain practical results from his many experiments, Franklin never argued openly with
other scientists in defense of his own scientific opinions. When writing about his opinions, he said: "I leave them to take their chance in the world. If they are right, truth and experience will support them. If they are wrong, they ought to be proved wrong and set aside."
然而,我们感兴趣的是富兰克林的其他方面的故事——作为一个科学家的故事。尽管他企望他的许多实验能够得到实际的结果,但富兰克林从不为自己的科学见解与其他科学家作公开的争论。当写到这些见解时,他说:―我把各种见解留在世上,使之受到验证。如果是对的,它们将在真理和实验中得到证实;如果是错的,那么,它最终也会被证明是错误的,从而被摒弃掉。‖
The generations which followed Franklin were the ones that mainly benefited from his scientific efforts. His experiments in the field of electricity, for instance—especially his adventure with the kite and lightning—were perhaps his most famous. In them he sought to find the connection between the man-made electrical charge produced by rubbing silk with a cloth and the natural lightning that came with summer thunderstorms. By flying a kite during one such storm, Franklin was able to attract an electrical spark to a piece of metal tied to the kite‘s string. By paring the characteristics of the natural spark with the man-made charge, Franklin was able to prove the similarity of electric matter and lightning.
富兰克林后世的人们主要是从他的科学成果中受到益处。比方说他在电的领域中的实验,特别是他对风筝与闪电的冒脸实验,恐怕是人人皆知的。在这些实验里他想发现由摩擦丝与布产生的人造电荷与来自夏天雷雨的自然闪电之间的关系。富兰克林在这样的一个雷雨天放出风筝,使得栓在风筝线上的金属片发出了电的火花。他把这种自然电花与人造电荷作了比较,从而证明了电与闪电的相同之处。
As an experimenter and practical user of scientific facts, Franklin saw an immediate and important use for this discovery. Why could not homes, barns, and other buildings be protected against the fire and destruction caused by lightning? Why could not the lightning flash be controlled? Inspired by these ideas, in 1752 Franklin developed a practical lightning rod. It was an upright metal pole attached to the roof of a house by a material that would not conduct electricity. To the rod he
fastened a wire which led to the ground. When lightning struck the house, it followed the best way, through the rod and wire, to reach the ground. The rest of the building was left unharmed, when news of Franklin's invention spread, people adopted it in large numbers.
作为实验者和科学成果的实际应用者,富兰克林从这一发现中看到了电的急迫的重要的用途,为什么房屋、谷仓以及其它建筑物不能免遭雷电引起的火灾和破坏?为什么闪电不能被 制服?富兰克林受这种想法的激励,1752年制成了一根实用避雷针。这是一根金属棒,用一不导电的材料固定在屋顶上。在捧杆上栓一根金属线通到地下。当闪电袭击房屋时,它沿着这条最好的径路,通过棒杆和金属线到达地下。这样,建筑物便可免遭损害。当富兰克林的这一发明传开后,人们纷纷采用它。
In the years that followed, Franklin continued an active life. While adding to his record of
scientific experiments, he played a leading role in the conflicts of his time in defense of liberty and human rights. Then in 1776, when colonial America began its struggle for independence, Franklin t to France as the nation's first ambassador. In his nine years in France, he found time to
establish close relations with European scientists. He even became interested in the early work of men trying to conquer the air and saw one of the first flights of a hydrogen balloon.
在以后的年代里,富兰克林继续过着有意义的生活。他除了进行科学实验以外,还在当时保卫自由与人权的斗争中充当 领导人。1776年,当殖民地美国开始为独立而进行斗争时,富 兰克林作为美国第一任驻法大使出使法国。在法国的九年里,他寻机与欧洲科学家建立了密切的联系。他甚至对人类试图征服大气层的早期工作产生了兴趣,并且观看了一次最早的氢气球飞行.
Franklin always had faith in the steady progress of science. His vision of things to e was never more clear than when he remarked, shortly before his death in 1790 at the age of 84: "The rapid progress of science makes me regret sometimes that I was born too soon. It is impossible to
imagine the height to which the power of man over matter may be carded in a thousand years. We may perhaps learn to overe gravity and lift large objects for the sake of easy transport. Agriculture may reduce its labor and double its produce. And diseases may by sure means be prevented or cured—and our lives lengthened."
富兰克林对科学的稳步向前总是满怀信心。1790年,他在84岁临终前所说的一段话,是他对未来预见的最好说明。他说:―科学的迅速发展,使我有时遗憾我降生太早。要想预计一千年内人类在征服世界方面将达到何种高度是不可能的。为了方便运输,人们可能会克服地心吸引力而举起重物,在农业方面,人们可能会减轻劳动强度使产量倍增,至于疾病,则肯定会得到预防或根治——我们的寿命也会为之而延长。"
5,Albert Einstein (1)
爱因斯坦(一)
Born in 1879 in Ulm, Germany, Einstein was two years old when his parents moved to Munich, where his father opened a business in electrical supplies. The family was Jewish, but they did not observe the traditional religious ceremonies and customs. As a boy, Einstein was slow to learn to talk and in early childhood was considered back ward. But by the time he was fourteen years old. hehad recovered from a slow start to the extent that he taught himself advanced calculus and geometry from textbooks. By then he knew what he wanted to be when he grew up. He wanted to be a physicist and devote himself to abstract research.
阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦于1879年出生在德国的乌尔姆城。在他两岁的时候,父母移居墓尼黑。他的父亲在墓尼黑开了一家工厂,生产电气器材。爱因斯坦小的时候,说话很晚,在他的童年时代,人们认为他很迟钝。可是到了十四岁,他克服了起步慢的毛病,靠着课本就可以自学高等微积分和几何学了。这时他已知道长大后要做什么。他想成为一个物理学家,从事研究工作。
The Einsteins, however, could not afford to pay for the advanced education that young Albert needed. The family business had declined, and they were forced, to leave Munich to live in Milan,Italy, where they had relatives. As for Albert, the family did manage to send him to a technical school in Aarau, Switzerland, and later to the Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich. 然而,年轻的阿尔伯特虽然需要受高等教育,父母却供他不起。他们生意萧条,不得不离开幕尼黑搬到意大利的米兰去住,在米兰他们有亲戚。至于阿尔伯特,父母还是设法送他进了瑞士阿劳的一所技术学校,后来又送他上苏黎世的联邦工业大学。
In 1901, when Einstein was tty-two years old, he began teaching, and in 1902 he t to work as a patent office examiner in Bern. Now able to pay his own expenses, he continued his schooling at the University of Zurich, where he received a doctor's degree in 1905. This was the period when he first began the research and studies which resulted in the creation of his famous Theory of Relativity.
1901年,爱因斯坦开始教书,这时他二十二岁。1902年,他前往伯尔尼,在专利局当鉴定员。他这时有能力负担自己的费用了,就在苏黎世大学继续求学,并于1905年获得博土学位。就在这期间,他开始进行一项研究,由此创立了著名的相对论。
To most people it is not easy to explain why Einstein's theory eventually shook the whole scientific and intellectual world. But because of it. scientists never again regarded the world as they had before. Basically, the theory proposed, among other things, that the maximum speed possible in the universe is that of light; that mass appears to increase with speed; that the rate of a clock moving through space will decrease as its speed increases; and that energy and mass are equal and interchangeable. This latter claim, based on the formula E=mc2 (energy equals mass times the square of the speed of light) was later proved by atomic fission, on which the atomic bomb is based. Later in life, when Einstein was asked to explain his law of relativity to a group of young students, he said, ―When you sit with a nice girl for two hours, you think it's only a minute. But when you sit on a hot stove for a minute, you think it's two hours. That is relativity.‖
为什么爱因斯坦的学说最后震憾了整个科学界和思想界,这对人多数人是难以解释清楚的。然而,正因为有了这个学说,科学家们对世界的看法跟过去就再也不一样了。就其基本内容而言,这一学说提出的论点包括:光速是宇宙中最快的速度;质量似乎随着速度的增加而增加:假如一座时钟在宇宙中运行,随着运行速度的增加,其本身转动的速度将会降低;
能量与质量是等价的,是可以互相转换的。最后这个论点所依据的就是E=mc2这一公式(能量等于质量乘以光速之平方),这个论点后来通过原子裂变得到了证实,而原子弹就是以原子裂变为基础的。许多年以后,有人请爱因斯坦对一些青年学生解释他的相对论原理。他说:―你要是跟一个漂亮的姑娘在一起呆上两个小时,你会觉得只呆了一分钟。但你如果在灼热的火炉上呆一分钟,你就觉得呆了两个小时。这就是相对论。‖
Einstein had an effect on science and history that only a few men have ever achieved. An American university president mented in 1929 that ―Einstein has created a new outlook, a new view of the universe. It may be some generations before the average mind grasps the identity of time and space, and so on--but even ordinary men understand now that the universe is something vaster and bolder than ever thought before.‖
爱因斯坦对科学和历史的影响之大,只有少数几个人比得上他。美国的一位大学校长曾在1929年评论道:―爱因斯坦创造了一种新的观点,一种新的宇宙观。可能要等到几代人以后,一般人才能认识到时间、空间等等的同一性。但是就连普通人现在也知道宇宙比过去想象的要更为广阔。‖
Albert Einstein (2)爱因斯坦(二)
By 1914 Einstein had gained world fame. He accepted the offer to bee a professor at thePrussian Academy of Sciences in Berlin. He had few duties, little teaching, and unlimited opportunity for study. It was an ideal position, but soon this peace and quiet were broken by the First World War. Einstein hated violence. Though he was not personally involved, the war and its misery affected him deeply. He lost interest in much of his research. Only when peace was finally restored in 1918 was he able to get happily back to work.
到了1914年,爱因斯坦已经闻名世界。他接受了柏林昔鲁士科学院授予的院士职位。他的工作不多,教学任务很轻,有大量的机会从事研究工作。这是一个理想的职位,可是不久,第一次世界大战爆发,打破了这种和平安静的生活。爱因斯坦痛恨暴力。虽然他并没有直接受害,但这场战争及其造成的苦难却对他产生了很深的影响。他对自己的许多研究工作失去了兴趣。只是在1918年和平终于恢复的时候,他才能(得以)继续工作。
During the postwar years in Germany honors-were heaped upon Einstein. He was persuaded to bee director of Theoretical Physics in the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute. He won the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1921. Prussia made him an honorary citizen. Potsdam erected an Einstein Tower in itsAstro-Physical Institute. Berlin in 1929 held a public celebration on his fiftieth birthday.
在战后的年代里,爱因斯坦在德国获得了许多荣誉。他在别人的劝说下担任了威廉皇帝学会理论物理所所长。1921年,他获得诺贝尔物理学奖金。普鲁士授予他名誉公民的称号。波茨坦在天体物理研究所建造了一座爱因斯坦纪念塔。1929年,在他五十寿辰的时候,柏林举行了公众集会,表示庆祝。
Four years later, Adolph Hitler came to power in Germany. He and his Nazis disliked intellectuals. They also hated Jews and began to attack them. There was no respect even for Albert Einstein, who only wanted to think of the problems beyond time and space and politics. He was expelled from the Academy of Sciences: his house was searched for weapons; he lost his job as a professor; all his property (including the house which had originally been intended as a gift from the city of Berlin) was seized; and finally his German citizenship was taken away. He became a man without a country.
四年以后,希特勒在德国上台。希特勒及其纳粹党徒都讨厌知识分子。他们还仇恨犹太人,
并且开始打击犹太人。爱因斯坦只想考虑那些超脱时间、空间和政治的问题,就连他这样的人也没有受到尊重。科学院将他开除;他的住宅遭到搜查,看是否藏有武器;他失去了教授的职位;他的财产全部被没收;最后,还剥夺了他的德国公民身分。他成了一个没有国籍的人。
Fleeing Germany, Einstein t first to France, then to Belgium, and then to England. There he received an invitation from the United States. The Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton, New Jersey, offered him a lifetime professorship. He accepted but asked so small a salary that to maintain its own standards the Institute had to raise it.
爱因斯坦逃出德国以后,先到了法国,然后到了比利时,后来又到了英国。在英国时,他接到了美国的邀请,新泽西州的普林斯顿研究所聘请他当终身教授。他接受了这一职位,但他要求的工资很低,研究所为了维持其工资标准,不得不加以提高。
In 1955, Einstein‘s life ended peacefully at the age of seventy-six. But all men now live in a changed world because this simple man of genius gave of his intelligence and heart to his fellowman. He lived not to conquer or destroy, but to understand.
1955年,爱因斯坦平静地离开了人世,终年七十六岁。由于这位纯朴的天才满腔热忱地把自己的智慧献给了人类,人们现在才都生活在一个与过去不同的世界之中。爱因斯坦的一生不是为了征服,不是为了破坏,而是为了认识。
6.Walking in Space (Text 14 of English Reading II) (1)
太空行走(一)
The whole world seemed to be black, black nothing ness. The sky was black with bright, shining stars that never twinkled. The sun a white, burning disk, seemed to hang in the black velvet of the surrounding heavens. This was the scene that spread before the eyes of the first astronaut who left his spaceship to walk in outer space. The name of the Russian astronaut who performed this feat was Leonov, and the date of his walk in space was March 18, 1965. Several months later a similar feat was performed by the first American astronaut to walk in space. Both of these "space walkers" had spent months previous to their flight learning how to control their movements under the strange conditions which exist in space. Wearing their thick space suits, they learned to deal with an environment where there is neither weight nor gravity, neither "up" nor "down".
整个世界看起来一片黑暗,无边无际的黑暗。黑色的天空上是明亮耀眼然而却不闪烁的星星。太阳是一个白色的、燃烧着的圆盘,挂在看起来像黑色天鹅绒般围绕着的宇宙中。这就是展现在第一个离开宇宙飞船到太空行走的宇航员面前的景色。完成这一壮举的俄罗斯宇航员的名字是利奥诺夫,他进行太空行走的日子是1965年3月18日。几个月后,美国第一个在太空行走的宇航员也完成了类似的壮举。在他们飞往太空前,这两个太空行走者都花了数月的时间来学习如何在太空的特殊条件下控制身体移动。他们穿着沉重的太空服,学习如何对付一个没有重量、没有引力,也没有―上‖与―下‖的环境。
We do not realize how much we depend on the earth's gravity until we are deprived of it. Then our feet no longer stay on the ground, we float around in the air, and the slightest touch may send us drifting off in the opposite direction.
只有在失去地球引力之后,我们才意识到我们是多么依赖它。失去了地球引力,我们的肢下不再站到地面上;我们会在空中飘来飘去;轻轻一触就会使我们向相反的方向飘去。
In the laboratories where astronauts are trained for their journeys, they are subjected to conditions that resemble those of flight. It takes time for them to prepare for the great changes that occur in space. When the spaceship leaves the earth at tremendous speed, the astronauts feel as if they are being crushed against the spaceship floor. Later, when they leave the zone of the earth's gravitation, they are unable to stay in one place. Simple actions, such as eating and drinking, bee very difficult to perform. You may get an inkling of what the astronauts have to deal with if you try to drink a glass of water while standing on your head or while just lying down.
在培训宇航员作旅行准备的实验室里面,他们经历了与太空飞行相似的环境,他们得花很长时间来为太空中遇到的这些巨大变化作准备。当宇宙飞船以极快的速度离开地球时,宇航员们会有一种被压在飞船地板上的感觉。然后,当他们离开地球引力区,他们便无法停留在一个固定位置。简单的活动,如吃饭喝水,变得十分难以进行。如果你试着倒立着或躺着喝水,你就会对宇航员所要对付的情况略知一二。
The beginning of man's conquest of space took place in 1958, seven years before Leonov'strip. The first successful launching of "Sputnik demonstrated that it was indeed possible to send objects far enough out of range of earth's gravity so that they would not fall back to earth. Rather, such objects could be forced to revolve about the earth, just as the moon does. However, while the moon is so far from earth that it takes it a month to revolve around the earth, manmade satellites, which are closer to earth, can make a plete revolution in a few hours.
人类开始征服太空的行动始于1958年,即发生在利奥诺夫太空行走的七年之前.前苏联人造卫星的首次成功发射表明:把物体发射到地球引力范围之外足够远的地方使之不再回落到地
球上,这么做确实是可能的. 更确切地说,正像月亮那样,这此物体会被迫围绕地球运转.不过,由于月球距地球这么远,它环绕地球运转一周需要一个月的时间,而离地球更近的人造卫星几个小时就可绕地球转一周.
It was three years after the first satellite launching that a spaceship containing a man made a successful flight. The flight lasted less than two hours, but it pointed the way to future developments.
第一颗卫星发射三年后,一艘载人宇宙飞船进行了一次成功的飞行.这次太空飞行持续了不足两个小时,然而却为未来的发展指明了道路.
Other planets are so far away that spaceships must attain tremendous speeds to reach them in a reasonable time. If spaceships were launched from space or from the moon, the absence of weight would permit the ships to be launched with great speed at reduced pressures. A relatively small explosion would be enough to send a ship off at a very fast rate. And, since there is no atmosphere in space as there is on earth, the spaceship would meet with no resistance. To illustrate this point, remember how strong the wind feels if we are travelling fast in a car; then imagine a car travellingthrough an area where there is no wind. The windless condition is parable to the condition in outer space.
其他行星离我们太遥远,要在适当的时间之内飞抵那里,宇宙飞船必须达到极高的速度.如果从太空或月球上发射宇宙飞船,那么失重现象就允许飞船在压力减小的情况下以极高的速度被发射出去.规模相对较小的爆炸就足以以极快的速度把飞船发射出去.并且,既然太空里不像地球那样有大气层,宇宙飞船就不会遇到任何阻力.举例来说明这一点,还记得如果我们坐汽车疾驰,就会感到风力有多强吧;再想像一下轿车驶经无风区域的情形.这种无风的情形与外层空间的条件很相似.
Walking in Space (Text 14 of English Reading II) (2)
太空行走(二)
The first astronaut to walk in space, Leonov, and his panion, Beliaiev, began making preparations for the walk as soon as their spaceship was launched. The spaceship was equipped with a double door, which was fitted with a bellows between the ship and the outside. This made it possible for the astronaut, in his space suit with oxygen supply, to go first from the air-filled ship to the bellows. Then the air was let out of the bellows, and, while the man stepped outside, the air inside the ship remained at normal pressure. If the door had opened directly into space, the air in the ship would have rushed out and been lost when the door opened.
他们的宇宙飞船一发射,第一位太空行走的宇航员利奥诺夫和他的同伴贝列耶夫就开始为太空行走做准备.该飞船装有一个双层门,在飞船与外层门之间装有一个减压舱.这样,穿着供氧宇航服的宇航员就有可能先从充气的飞船走进减压舱.接着将减压舱内的空气排出,因此当这位宇航员走到外面时,飞船内的气压就维持在正常水平.如果把门直接朝太空打开,开门时宇宙飞船里的空气就会冲出去而消失殆尽.
Leonov and Beliaiev practiced testing the doors several times after they had begun revolving around the earth. When the time came for Leonov to go out, his panion helped him attach the cable that was to keep him from floating away from the ship. Then Leonov entered the bellows, and the door closed behind him. AS the air was let out of the bellows, he felt his suit swell up because of the air pressure inside. When there was no air left in the bellows, the outer door opened, andLeonov could see, simultaneously, the blackness of space and the blinding light of the sun.
利奥诺夫和贝列耶夫在其飞船开始环绕地球飞行之后对双层门进行了几次检验.当利奥诺夫走出去时,他的伙伴帮他系上缆索以防他飘离飞船.然后利奥诺夫走入减压舱,他身后的第一扇门随即关闭.空气从减压舱排出时,他感觉到,由于里面的气压,他的宇航服膨胀起来.当减压舱内空气排完时,外层门打开,与此同时,利奥诺夫看到了(外面)漆黑的太空和炫目的阳光. If the sky appears blue to us on earth, it is because the earth's atmosphere absorbs a certain number of blue rays of sunlight. Out where there is no air, this phenomenon does not take place. On the earth, our atmosphere diffuses light so that, when the sun is up, light seems to be everywhere. However, in the airless realms of outer space, strong lights, such as the sun, exist side by side with a dark similar to the dark of the blackest night. The absence of air also explains why the stars do not seem to twinkle in space, as they do from the earth.
如果说我们从地球上看天空是蓝色的,那是因为地球大气层吸收了太阳光的一定数量的蓝色光线.在没有空气的太空,这种现象不会发生.在地球上,我们的大气层使光发生漫射,结果,当太阳升起时,似乎阳光无处不在.然而在没有空气的外层空间,像太阳这样的强光源却与类似于(地球上)最漆黑的无尽黑暗相依并存.这一没有空气的现象也说明了为什么太空中的星星似乎像我们从地球上看起来那么闪闪烁烁.
Leonov reported that the earth appeared as a huge, round disk, filling a large part of the sky. He found that the relief of hills and mountains was more easily observed from that distance than from plane flying at a few thousand feet.
利奥诺夫报告说,地球象一个巨型圆盘,占据了天空的一大部分。他发现从那个距离观察绵延起伏的丘陵山脉要比在飞在几千英尺高度的飞机上还要容易.
While Leonov was outside the ship, he kept in touch by telephone with his panion and with the earth. He opened the shutter of the movie camera, which made a record of what he did and saw. When the signal was given for him to return to the ship, he was enjoying the cosmos so much that he was disappointed to have to stop his wandering so soon.
利奥诺夫在宇宙飞船外面时,用电话与同伴及地球保持联系.他打开摄像机快门,揶下了他所做的事情和所看到的景象.当收到要他返回宇宙飞船的信号时,他正在乐滋滋地欣赏宇宙奇景呢,这么快就要结束其太空漫游使他颇感失望.
7.Oil (1)
There are three main groups of oils: animal, vegetable and mineral.
油可以分为三大类:动物油,植物油,矿物油。
Great quantities of animal oil e from whales, those enormous creatures of the sea which are the largest remaining animals in the world.
大量的动物油是从鲸鱼身上得来的。鲸鱼是海里的庞然大物,是世界上现有动物中最大的一种。
To protect the whale from the cold of the Arctic seas, nature has provided it with a thick covering of fat called blubber.
大自然为了保护鲸鱼,使它不致在北冰洋受冻,便让它长了厚厚的一层脂肪,叫做鲸脂。 When the whale is killed, the blubber is stripped off and boiled down, either on board ship or on shore.
鲸鱼杀死之后,产把鲸脂剥下采熬油,这项工作有的是在船上进行的,有的是在岸上进行的。 It produces a great quantity of oil which can be made into food for human consumption. 这样,就能生产出大量的油,供人们食用。
A few other creatures yield oil, but none so much as the whale.
有些动物也出油,但都没有鲸鱼出得多。
The livers of the cod and the halibut, two kinds of fish, yield nourishing oil.
鳕鱼和比目鱼,这两种鱼的肝脏出的油营养丰富。
Both cod liver oil and halibut liver oil are given to sick children and other invalids who need certain vitamins.
从这两种鱼得来的鱼肝油可以给缺少某种维生素的患儿或其他病人服用。
These oils may be bought at any chemist's.
这两种鱼肝油在任何一家药房里都可以买到。
Vegetable oil has been known from antiquity.
植物油自古以来就为人们所熟悉。
No household can get on without it, for it is used in cooking.
任何家庭都离不开它,因为做饭的时候就要用它。
Perfumes may be made from the oils of certain flowers.
有些花儿产生的油可以用来制造香水。
Soaps are made from vegetable and animal oils.
植物油和动物油还可以用来制作肥皂。
To the ordinary man, one kind of oil may be as important as another.
对一般人来说,这种油或那种油可能都是重要的。
But when the politician or the engineer refers to oil, he almost always means mineral oil, the oil that drives tanks, aeroplanes and warships, motor-cars and diesel lootives, the oil that is used to lubricate all kinds of machinery.
但是当政治家或工程师谈到油的时候,他所指的几乎总是矿物油。这种油可以用来开坦克,开飞机,开军舰,开汽车,开柴油机车,可以用来润滑各种机械。
This is the oil that has changed the life of the mon man.
就是这种油改变了普通人的生活。
When it is refined into petrol it is used to drive the internal bustion engine.
这种油经过提炼变成汽油以后,可以用来开动内燃机。
To it we owe the existence of the motor-car, which has replaced the private carriage drawn by the horse.
就是因为有了这种油,我们才能用上汽车,以代替马车。
To it we owe the possibility of flying.
就是因为有了这种油,我们才有可能飞行。
It has changed the methods of warfare on land and sea.
它还改变了陆战和海战的方法。
This kind of oil es out of the earth.
这种油来源于地下。
Because it burns well, it is used as fuel and in some ways it is superior to coal in this respect. 因为它易于燃烧,可以用作燃料,而且在这方面比煤还有若干优越之处。
Many big ships now burn oil instead of coal.
现在许多大轮船就烧油而不烧煤。
Because it burns brightly, it is used for illumination; countless homes are still illuminated with oil-burning lamps.
因为它燃烧时非常明亮,也可以用来照明,许多家庭现在仍靠油灯照明。
Because it is very slippery, it is used for lubrication.
因为它非常滑润,可以用作润滑剂。
Two metal surfaces rubbing together cause friction and heat; but if they are separated by a thin film of oil, the friction and heat are reduced.
两个金属面相擦,就要产生摩擦和热;但如果在它们之间抹上薄薄的一层油,就可以减少摩擦,降低热度。
No machine would work for long if it were not properly lubricated.
任何机械如果不使用一定的润滑剂,就不能持续工作。
The oil used for this purpose must be of the correct thickness; if it is too thin it will not give sufficient lubrication, and if it is too thick it will not reach all parts that must be lubricated.
润滑油的浓度必须适当,太稀则起不到应有的润滑作用,太稠则流不到所有需要润滑的零件。
Oil (2)
What was the origin of the oil which now drives our motor-cars and aircraft?
我们现在开汽车、开飞机使用的油是怎样形成的呢?
Scientists are confident about the formation of coal, but they do not seem so sure when asked about oil.
科学家确知煤是怎样形成的,但若问到石油是怎样形成的,他们似乎就不那么有把握了。 They think that the oil under the surface of the earth originated in the distant past, and was formed from living things in the sea.
他们认为地下的石油在远古时期就已经开始形成,而且是由海中生物形成的。
Countless billions of minute sea creatures and plants lived and sank to the sea bed. They were covered with huge deposits of mud, and by processes of chemistry, pressure and temperature were changed through long ages into what we know as oil.
亿万个数不清的微小动物和植物在海水中生长并沉入海底,上面覆盖着大量沉积的泥沙,由于化学变化、压力和温度等因素,经过漫长的岁月,变成了我们现在所说的石油。
For these creatures to bee oil, it was necessary that they should be imprisoned6 between layers of rock for an enormous length of time.
这些小动物必须在一层层岩石之间密封起来,经过漫长的一段时间才能变成石油。
The statement that oil originated in the sea is confirmed by a glance at a map showing the chief oilfields of the world; very few of them are far distant from the oceans of today.
石油是海里形成的这种说法,只要看一下世界主要油田分布图,就可以得到证实;大油田离开今日的海洋很远的很少。
In some places gas and oil e up to the surface of the sea from its bed.
有些地方,天然气和石油从海底浮上水面。
The rocks in which oil is found are of marine origin too.
含有石油的岩层也是在海里形成的。
They are sedimentary rocks, rocks which were laid down by the action of water on the bed of the ocean.
这种岩层是沉积岩,是在海水的作用之下沉积在洋底的。
Almost always the remains of shells, and other proofs of sea life, are found close to the oil. 在有石油的地方,附近几乎总可以发现贝壳的残片以及诲洋生物的其它遗迹。
A very mon sedimentary rock is called shale, which is a soft rock and was obviously formed by being deposited on the sea bed. And where there is shale there is likely to be oil.
有一种很普通的沉积岩,叫做页岩。这是一种松软的岩石,显然是在海底沉积而成的。凡是有页岩的地方,就可能有石油。
Geologists, scientists who study rocks, indicate the likely places to the oil drillers.
地质学家是研究岩石的科学家,他们可以为钻探石油的人指明哪些地方可能有油。
In some cases oil es out of the ground without any drilling at all and has been used for hundreds of years.
有些地方,根本未经钻探,石油就流出地面,而且已经使用了几百年。
In the island of Trinidad the oil is in the form of asphalt, a substance used for making roads. 在特立尼达岛,石油以沥青的形式出现。沥青是一种可以用来铺路的物质。
Sir Walter Raleigh visited the famous pitch lake of Trinidad in 1595; it is said to contain nine thousand million tons of asphalt.
1595年,沃尔特·雷利爵士曾参观过特立尼达有名的沥青湖。据说湖里储有沥青90亿吨。 There are probably huge quantities of crude oil beneath the surface.
表层下面很可能储藏着极为丰富的原油。
There is a lot of luck in drilling for oil.
钻探石油有很大的偶然性。
The drill may just miss the oil although it is near; on the other hand, it may strike oil at a fairly high level.
钻头可能到了离油很近的方而没有碰到油;另一方面,也可能在相当浅的地方打出油来。 When the drill goes down, it brings up soil.
钻头下去的时候,便把泥土送上来。
The samples of soil from various depths are examined for traces of oil.
从不同探度取出土样以后,便进行检验,看是否含有油的迹象。
If they are disappointed at one place, the drillers go to another.
钻探石油的人如果在一个地方得不到预期的结果,便到另一个地方去钻探。
Great sums of money have been spent, for example in the deserts of Egypt, in ―prospecting‖ for oil. Sometimes little is found.
在石油―勘探‖方面,已经花了大笔的钱,比如在埃及的沙漠里进行的勘探工作就是如此。有时收效甚微。
When we buy a few gallons of petrol for our cars, we pay not only the cost of the petrol, but also part of the cost of the search that is always going on.
因此,当我们为自己的小汽车买几加仑汽油的时候,我们所付的不只是汽油本身的费用,而且还有不断进行找油工作的一部分费用。
When the crude oil is obtained from the field, it is taken to the refineries to be treated.
油田打出原油以后,便送到炼油厂去处理。
The monest form of treatment is heating.
最普通的处理办法是加热。
When the oil is heated, the first vapours to rise are cooled and bee the finest petrol. 石油经过加热,最先冒出来的蒸气冷却后就是质量最高的汽油。
Petrol has a low boiling point; if a little is poured into the hand, it soon vaporizes.
汽油的沸点低,倒一点在手上,很快就挥发了。
Gas that es off the oil later is condensed into paraffin.
随后从石油分离出来的气体可以浓缩成煤油。
Last of all the lubricating oils of various grades are produced.
最后产生的是各种等级的润滑油。
What remains is heavy oil that is used as fuel.
剩下的便是重油,可以用作燃料。
8 The Difference between a Brain And a Computer
The difference between a brain and a puter can be expressed in a single word: plexity. 电脑与人脑的差异,可以用一个字眼来概括:复杂性。
The large mammalian brain is the most plicated thing, for its size, known to us.
大型哺乳动物的大脑,就其体积而言,是我们所知晓的最复杂的机体。 The human brain weighs three pounds, but in the three pounds are ten billion neurons and a hundred billion smaller cells.
人脑只有三磅,但就在这三磅物质中,却包含着一百亿个神经细胞,以及一千亿个更小的细胞。(neuron: 神经细胞)
These many billions of cells are interconnected in a vastly plicated network that we can‘t begin to unravel as yet.
这上百亿、上千亿的细胞相互联系,形成一个无比复杂的网络,人类迄今还无法解开这其中的奥秘。(unravel: 阐明,解释,解开)
Even the most plicated puter man has yet built can‘t pare in intricacy with the brain. 即使人类现今研制出的最复杂的电脑,其复杂程度也无法与人脑相比。 Computer switches and ponents number in the thousands rather than in the billions.
电脑的转换器和元件只是成千上万,而不是上百亿、上千亿。
What‘s more, the puter switch is just an on-off device, whereas the brain cell is itself possessed of a tremendously plex structure.
更重要的是,电脑的转换器仅是一种开关装置,而人脑细胞本身却有着复杂的内部结构。(be possessed of: 拥有...的,具有...的 eg. He was possessed of great self-confidence. 他极有自信。) Can a puter think? That depends on what you mean by ―think‖.
电脑能思考吗?这取决于你如何理解―思考‖的含义。
If solving a mathematical problem is ―thinking‖, then a puter can ―think‖ and do so much faster than a man.
如果解一道数学题可算?思考‘的话,那么电脑也能―思考‖,而且速度比人快得多。
Of course, most mathematical problems can be solved quite mechanically by repeating certain straight forward processes over and over again.
当然,大多数数学题只需通过十分机械地不断重复某种简单的过程,就能得到解决。 Even the simple puters of today can be geared for that.
如今,即使简单的电脑也能胜任这一工作。(gear: 连接上,适合)
It is frequently said that puters solve problems only because they are ―programmed‖ to do so. 人们常说,电脑之所以能解决问题,只是因为它们给输入了解决问题的―程序‖。 They can only do what men have them do.
它们只能做人让它们做的事。
One must remember that human beings also can only do what they are ―programmed‖ to do. 我们应该记住,人类同样也只能按照―程序‖办事。
Our genes ―program‖ us the instant the fertilized ovum is formed, and our potentialities are limited by that ―program‖.
受精卵一形成,基因就给我们遍好了―程序‖,我们的潜能也就要受到这个―程序‖的限制。 Our ―program‖ is so much more enormously plex, though, that we might like to define ―thinking‖ in terms of the creativity that goes into writing a great play or posing a great symphony, in(to) conceiving a brilliant scientific theory or a profound ethical judgment.
不过,我们的―程序‖要复杂得多,因此我们更喜欢用创造力来界定―思考‖的意义。有了这种创造力,就能写出伟大的剧本,创作不朽的乐章,提出卓越的科学理论,创立深奥的伦理观点。
In that sense, puters certainly can‘t think and neither can most humans.
从这个意义上来讲,电脑当然不能思考,人类的大多数也做不到。
Surely, though, if a puter can be made plex enough, it can be as creative as we. 可是,如果能把电脑造得足够复杂的话,那它就可以像人一样富于创造力。
If it could be made as plex as a human brain, it could be the equivalent of a human brain and do whatever a human brain can do.
倘若电脑能像人脑那样复杂,它就能与人脑旗鼓相当,完成人脑所能做的一切。
To suppose anything else is to suppose that there is more to the human brain than the matter that poses it.
如果还要设想什么的话,那就等于设想人脑除了构成它的物质以外,还有什么别的奥秘。 The brain is made up of cells in a certain arrangement and the cells are made up of atoms and molecules in certain arrangements.
人脑是由细胞按一定的方式组合而成的,而脑细胞又是由原子和分子按一定的方式组合而成的。
If anything else is there, no signs of it have ever been detected.
假如真有别的奥秘存在,我们可从未发现任何迹象。
To duplicate the material plexity of the brain is therefore to duplicate everything about it. 因此,复制出人脑复杂的物质结构,也就复制出了它的一切。
But how long will it take to build a puter plex enough to duplicate the human brain? 但是,研制一台复杂程度与人脑相当的电脑需要多长时间呢?
Perhaps not as long as some think.
也许不象有些人想象的那么长。
Long before we approach a puter as plex as our brain, we will perhaps build a puter that is at least plex enough to design another puter more plex than itself.
早在我们研制出和人脑一样复杂的电脑之前,我们也许能造出这样一台电脑,其复杂程度至少能使它设计出一台比它更复杂的电脑。
This more plex puter could design one still more plex and so on and so and so on. 这台复杂的电脑又能设计出一台更更复杂的电脑,依此类推,一代代地研制下去。
In other words, once we pass a certain critical point, the puter take over and there is ―plexity explosion‖.
也就是说,一旦我们过了某个临界点,电脑就会取得主宰地位,出现一个―复杂性爆炸‖。 In a very short time thereafter, puters may exist that not only duplicate the human brain – but far surpass it.
此后用不了多久,就会出现这样的电脑,它们不仅能跟人脑相匹敌——而且会远远胜过人脑。 Then what? Well, mankind is not doing a very good job of running the earth right now. 到那时会怎么样呢?唉,反正人类现在也没有做好管理地球的工作。
Maybe, when the time es, we ought to step gracefully aside and hand over the job to someone who can do it better.
也许到那时候,我们真该豁达大度地让到一边,把工作交给更为称职的去做。
And if we don‘t step aside, perhaps Superputer will simply move in and push us aside. 如果我们不主动让位,也许超级电脑就会老实不客气地闯进来,把我们推到一边。
9The Other Road (1)
新路(摘录1)
We stand now where two roads diverge.
我们正处在两条道路分岔的地方。
But unlike the roads in Robert Frost's familiar poem, they are not equally fair.
但是并不像我们所熟习的罗伯特·弗罗斯特诗中所说的,这两条路是同样的好。
The road we have long been traveling is deceptively easy, a smooth superhighways on which we progress with great speed, but at its end lies disaster.
我们一直在走的这条路表面上很好走,是一条平坦的超级公路,我们可以高速前进,但是走到尽头却要遇到灾难。
The other fork of the road -- the one ―less traveled by‖ – offers our last, our only chance to reach a destination that assures the preservation of our earth.
另外一条路,是一条―走得不多‖的路,它为我们提供最后的出路,也是唯一的出路,以便我们达到一定的目的,使我们这个地球确实得到保护。
The choice, after all, is ours to make.
走哪一条路,最终还是要由我们来选择。
If, having endured much, we have at last asserted our ―right to know‖, and if, knowing, we have concluded that we are being asked to take senseless and frightening risks, then we should no longer accept the counsel of those who tell us we must fill our world with poisonous chemicals; we should look about and see what other course is open to us.
如果我们在忍受了很长时间之后,终于提出了―知情权‖,如果我们知情以后,认为现在人们是在要求我们冒无谓的可怕风险,我们就不应该再听从那些人的建议,非得把我们这个世界弄得到处都是化学毒物,而应该往四下里看一看还有没有什么别的路。
A truly extraordinary variety of alternatives to the chemical control of insects is available. 除了用化学方法控制昆虫以外,还有其他各种非常奇妙的方法可以利用。
Some are already in use and have achieved brilliant success.
这些方法,有的已在使用,而且取得了显著的效果。
Others are in the stage of laboratory testing.
有的处于试验阶段。
Still others are little more than ideas in the minds of imaginative scientists, waiting for the opportunity to put them to the test.
有的则不过是富于想像力的科学家头脑里的一些想法,等到有机会的时候才能加以试验。 All have this in mon: they are biological solutions, based on understanding of the living organisms they seek to control, and of the whole fabric of life to which these organisms belong. 所有这些方法都有一个共同点:他们都是生物的解决办法,其基础是人们对所要控制的生物体的了解,以及对这些生物体整个生活状况的了解。
Specialists representing various areas of the vast field of biology are contributing -- entomologists, pathologists, geneticists, physiologists, biochemists, ecologists -- all pouring their knowledge and their creative inspirations into the formation of a new science of biotic controls.
广博的生物学各个领域的专家,包括昆虫学家、病理学家、遗传学家、生理学家、生物化学家、生态学家,都在做出贡献,他们把自己的知识和创造性汇集起来,形成了一门新的
科学——生物控制学。
―Any science may be likened to a river,‖ says a Johns Hopkins biologist, Professor Carl P. Swanson. ―It has its obscure and unpretentious beginning; its quiet stretches as well as its rapids; its periods of drought as well as of fullness. It gathers momentum with the work of many investigators and as it is fed by other streams of thought; it is deepened and broadened by the concepts and generalizations16 that are gradually evolved.‖
霍普金斯大学生物学家卡尔·P·斯旺森教授说:―每一门科学都可以比做一条河。其源头,隐隐约约,并不引入注目;其流势,时而平缓,时而湍急;其水情,有汛期,也有枯竭期。由于许多人从事研究工作,各种思想像支流一样注入其中,势头逐渐加强。新的概念和结论陆续产生,又使它得以加深和展宽。‖
So it is with the science of biological control in its modern sense.
现代的生物控制学就是如此。
In America it had its obscure beginnings a century ago with the first attempts to introduce natural enemies of insects that were proving troublesome to farmers, an effort that sometimes moved slowly or not at all, but now and again gathered speed and momentum under the impetus of an outstanding success.
一百年前,这门科学在美国开始创立时也是隐隐约约的。当时有些昆虫给农民找麻烦,有人就试图以这些昆虫的天敌来对付。这项活动有时进展缓慢,甚至毫无进展,但有时一项突出的成就又推动它加快速度,使它突飞猛进。
It had its period of drought when workers in applied entomology, dazzled by the spectacular new insecticides of the 1940's, turned their backs on all biological methods and set foot on ―the treadmill of chemical control.‖
这门科学也有过枯竭期。在二十世纪四十年代,从事应用昆虫学的人看到新杀虫剂的显著效用,不禁为之眼花缭乱,便对生物方法冷眼相看,重新走上―化学控制的老路‖。 But the goal of an insect-free world continued to recede.
然而实现无昆虫的世界这一目标却越来越渺茫。
Now at last, as it has bee apparent that the heedless and unrestrained use of chemicals is a greater menace to ourselves than to the targets, the river which is the science of biotic control flows again, fed by new streams of thought.
现在已经很明显,盲目地大量使用化学杀虫剂,对我们自己的威胁比对要控制的对象的威胁还要大,于是生物控制学这一条河又流动起来,而且有新的思想支流注入其中。
Some of the most fascinating of the new methods are those that seek to turn the strength of a species against itself -- to use the drive of an insect's life forces to destroy it.
在这些新方法中,有一些最为令人神往,就是设法利用一种昆虫本身的力量来对付这种昆虫——即利用昆虫的生命力作为动力来消灭之。
The most spectacular of these approaches is the ―male sterilization‖ technique developed by the chief of the United States Department of Agriculture‘s Entomology Research Branch, Dr. EdwardKnipling, and his associates.
这些方法之中,最引入注目的是―雄性不育‖术,这种技术是由美国农业部昆虫研究所主任爱德华·尼普林博士和他的同事们发明的。
The Other Road (2)
新路(摘录2)
About a quarter of a century ago Dr. Knipling startled his colleagues by proposing a unique
method of insect control.
大约二十五年前,尼普林博士提出了一种控制昆虫的绝妙方法,使他的同事们大吃一惊。
If it were possible to sterilize and release large numbers of insects, he theorized, the sterilized males would, under certain conditions, pete with the normal wild males so successfully that, after repeated releases, only infertile eggs would be produced and the population would die out.
他的理论是,如果能使大量的昆虫不育,再把它们放出去,在一定条件下,不育的雄虫就会与野生的正常雄虫展开竞争,并取得胜利。这样反复多次,产下的卵便都是未受精卵,这种昆虫就会绝迹。
The proposal was met with bureaucratic inertia and with skepticism from scientists, but the idea persisted in Dr. Knipling‘s mind.
这个建议遇到来自墨守成规的官僚机构的阻力,也受到科学家的怀疑,但尼普林博士却始终没有放弃这个想法。
One major problem remained to be solved before it could be put to the test -- a practical method of insect sterilization had to be found.
还有—个重大的问题需要解决,然后才能进行试验,这就是必须找到使昆虫不育的切实可行的方法。
Academically, the fact that insects could be sterilized by exposure to X-ray had been known since 1916, when an entomologist by the name of G. A. Runner reported such sterilization of cigarette beetles.
1916年,一位名叫G.A.朗纳的昆虫学家报告说,可以通过X光照射使烟草甲虫不育。从那时起,人们就已经从理论上知道可以这样使昆虫失去生育能力。
Hermann Muller‘s pioneering works on the production of mutations by X-ray opened up vast new areas of thought in the late 1920's, and by the middle of the century various workers had reported the sterilization by X-rays or gamma rays of at least a dozen species of insects. 赫尔曼·马勒首创的以X光引起变异的工作,在20世纪20年代后期为新思想的产生开辟了广阔的道路。到本世纪中期,根据专业工作者提出的报告,通过X射线或r射线已经至少可以使十几种昆虫失去生育能力。
But these were laboratory experiments, still a long way from practical application. 但这都是实验室里的试验而已,离实际应用还有很长一段距离。
About 1950, Dr. Knipling launched a serious effort to turn insect sterilization into a weapon that would wipe out a major insect enemy of livestock in the South, the screw-worm fly. 1950年前后,尼普林博士开始认真地致力于把昆虫不育术变为一种武器,以便消灭南方牲畜在昆虫界的大敌——螺旋锥蝇。
The females of this species lay their eggs in any open wound of a warm-blooded animal. The hatching larvae are parasitic, feeding on the flesh of the host.
这种昆虫的雌虫在温血动物身上的伤口产卵,幼虫在孵化过程中是寄生的,靠寄主的肉为生。
A full-grown steer may succumb to a heavy infestation in 10 days, and livestock losses in the United States have been estimated at $ 40,000,000 a year.
一头成年的公牛染上这种病,严重的话,十天就会死亡。据估计,美国每年因此损失的牲畜约值四千万美元。
The toll of wildlife is harder to measure, but it must be great.
死于此病的野生动物数量更加难以确定,想必是很多的。
Scarcity of deer in some areas of Texas is attributed to the screw-worm.
有人说,得克萨斯州某种地区鹿之所以稀少,就是这种螺旋锥蝇造成的。
This is a tropical or subtropical insect, inhabiting South and Central America and Mexico, and in theUnited States normally restricted to the South-west.
螺旋锥蝇是一种热带或亚热带昆虫,生长在南美洲、中美洲及墨西哥,在美国一般限于西南地区。
About 1933, however, it was accidentally introduced into Florida, where the climate allowed it to survive over winter and to establish populations.
然而在1933年前后,这种昆虫偶然传到了佛罗里达州,因为那时气候适宜,使它得以过冬并大量繁殖。
It even pushed into southern Alabama and Georgia, and soon the livestock industry of the southeastern states was faced with annual losses running to $ 20,000,000.
它甚至侵入了亚拉巴马州和佐治亚州的南部,不久以后,东南部诸州的畜牧业就面临着每年损失高达2000万美元的局面。
The Other Road (3)
新路(摘录3)
A vast amount of information on the biology of the screw-worm had been accumulated over the years by Agriculture Department scientists in Texas.
多年来,农业部的科学家在得克萨斯州研究螺旋锥蝇的生活状况,积累了大量的资料。 By 1954, after some preliminary field trials on Florida islands, Dr. Knipling was ready for a full-scale test of his theory.
1954年尼普林博士在佛罗里达州一些岛屿进行了初步的现场试验以后,便准备就他的理论进行大规模的试验。
For this, by arrangement with the Dutch Government, he t to the island of Curacao in theCaribbean, cut off from the mainland by at least 50 miles of sea.
为此目的,经与荷兰政府接洽,他来到加勒比海上的库拉索岛,该岛和大陆之间相隔至少50英里宽的海面。
Beginning in August 1954, screw-worms reared and sterilized in an Agriculture Department laboratory in Florida were flown to Curacao and released from airplanes at the rate of about 400 per square mile per week.
从1954年8月开始,农业部设在佛罗里达州的一个实验室培养的螺旋锥蝇,在做过不育处理之后,被空运到库拉索岛,从飞机上撒下去,每周每平方英里约投放四百只。 Almost at once the number of egg masses deposited on experimental goats began to decrease, as did their fertility.
在试验用的山羊身上产的卵块几乎立刻减少,其受精率亦下降。
Only seven weeks after the releases were started, all eggs were infertile.
开始撒放后只有七周,所有的卵都成了未受精卵。
Soon it was impossible to find a single egg mass, sterile or otherwise.
过了不久,再找卵块,无论是受精的,还是未受精的,连一个也找不到了。 The screw-worm had indeed been eradicated on Curacao.
库拉索岛上的螺旋锥蝇的确已经消灭了。
The resounding success of the Curacao experiment whetted the appetites of Florida livestock raisers for a similar feat that would relieve them of the scourge of screw-worms.
库拉索岛上的试验取得巨大的成功,引起了佛罗里达州牲畜饲养者的兴趣,他们也想以同样的办法消除螺旋锥蝇这一祸害。
Although the difficulties here were relatively enormous -- an area 300 times as large as the small Caribbean island -- in 1957 the United States Department of Agriculture and the State of Floridajoined in providing funds for an eradication effort.
虽然这里的困难要大得多——此处面积为那个加勒比小岛的300倍——美国农业部和佛罗里达州还是在1957年共同提供经费来消灭螺旋锥蝇。
The project involved the weekly production of about 50 million screw-worms at a specially constructed ―fly factory,‖ the use of 20 light airplanes to fly prearranged flight patterns, five to six hours daily, each plane carrying a thousand paper cartons, each carton containing 200 to 400 irradiated flies.
这项计划包括每周在专门建造的―蝇厂‖生产大约五千万只螺旋锥蝇,用20架轻型飞机按照预定的航线每天飞行五六个小时,每架飞机运载纸盒1000个,每个纸盒装有经过辐射处理的螺旋锥蝇200—400只。
The cold winter of 1957-58, when freezing temperatures gripped northern Florida, gave an unexpected opportunity to start the program while the screw-worm populations were reduced and confined to a small area.
1957年冬季,天气严寒,佛罗里达州北部地区气温骤然降到冰点,这就为开始进行这项计划提供了意外的好机会,因为这时螺旋锥蝇数量减少,而且集中在一个很小的地区。
By the time the program was considered plete at the end of 17 months, 3.5 billion artificially reared, sterilized flies had been released over Florida and sections of Georgia and Alabama.
经过17个月的努力,计划可以说完成了。在佛罗里达州上空以及佐治亚洲和亚拉巴马州部分地区上空共放出人工培养并经过不育处理的螺旋锥蝇35亿只。
The last-known animal wound infestation that could be attributed to screw-worms occurred in February 1959.
可能由螺旋锥蝇引起的动物伤口感染,最后一例发生在1959年2月。
In the next few weeks several adults were taken in traps. Thereafter no trace of the screw-worm could be discovered.
随后几周内又抓住了几只成虫,从此就再没有发现螺旋锥蝇的踪迹。
Its extinction in the Southeast had been acplished -- a triumphant demonstration of the worth of scientific creativity, aided by thorough basic research, persistence, and determination.
螺旋锥蝇在东南地区彻底消灭了。这生动地说明科学家的创造性,加上深入的基础研究、坚持不懈的努力和顽强的意志,能起多么大的作用。
作文十:《浅析科技英语文章的文体特点》4300字
浅析科技英语文章的文体特点
一、引言
随着人类科学技术交流的迅速发展,英语语言中一种新的语体也愈来愈显示出其重要性。这就是科技英语:English for Science and Technology,简称EST。在21世纪这个高度信息化的朝代,科技英语越来越受到人们的重视。由于科技英语文章着重于对客观事物的描述,或者对逻辑概念的推理,因而在词汇、句法、语篇等方面有着与通用英语不同的自身特点,形成了独特的文体风格。文体学是一门研究文体的学科,其任务不在列举若干文体的名目,而在观察和描述若干种主要文体的语言特点,其目的在于使学习者能够更好地了解它们所表达的内容和在恰当的场合分别使用它们。由于科技文章的一些不同与其他文章特点,所以就形成了独特的语体。首先,科技文章在用词方面要求准确,尽量避免含混不清或一词多义的情况。另外,在科技文章在表态方面力求清楚易懂,在篇章结果方面,层次比较清楚。还有,科技文章一般都着重客叙述,极力排除主观成分,不带感情色彩(王佐良,1998)。下面主要从三个方面介绍科技文章的文体特点。
二、科技文章词汇方面
科技英语反映的是日新月异的科学技术领域内的发展与创新。为了准确、科学地对这些新的进展与理论加以阐述,科技工作者们在遣词方面下了很大的功夫。
(1)科技词汇的词形一般较长,多源于希腊语和拉丁语。据美国科技英语专家Oscar E.Nybaken统计,在一万个普通英语的词汇中,约有46%的词汇源于拉丁语,7.2%源于希腊语。尤其在专业性极强的科技英语词汇中,这种比例就更高。例如:
dynamics,electric,physics,pneumonia等(李庆明,2002)。希腊语和拉丁文之所以能成为科技词汇的基本来源,是因为这两种语言都是“死”语言,不会由于社会的发展而引起词义的变化,也不会因词的多义引起歧义。
(2)在科技文章中,同一词语词义的多专业化,即同一个英语常用词不仅被多个专业采用,而且含义也各不相同,区别很大。如field一词,一般英语中指“野外、田间”;在计算机领域可作“信息(组)”、“字段”解;在光学方面可作“视场”解;在数学方面作“域”解等。对于这一类词语,只有通过上下文和具体的语言环境才能确定其真正的含义(贾睿霞,王永红,2001)。
(3)科技英语中经常使用缩略语。随着现代科学的高速发展,缩略语将日益增多。往往一个缩略语可代表几十个词义。在科技英语中缩略语的构成方式有三种:
?将词的部分截缩而构成新词,如parachute―chute(降落伞)。
?将词组中的每个词的首字母加在一起构成新词,首位字母缩略词,如Unidentified Flying Object,UFO(不明飞行物)。
?从两个单词中抽出部分字母而构成新词,如telegram exchange,telex(电传)。
(4)大量地使用名词和名词组。英语比汉语更广泛地使用名词,科技英语中这种现象更为突出。如科技文章中不说We can improve its performance by using superheated steam.
而说an improvement of its performance can be achieved by the use of superheated steam.为了简短而明确地表达某一概念或事物,科技英语还广泛地使用名词词组,如energy lose,a day and
night weather observation station。
三、科技文章句法方面
(1)在科技英语中经常使用的语法结构相当多,如被动语态句使用得很广泛。这是
因为科技文章的主要目的是讲述客观现象,介绍科技成果等,无须指出行为的主要,使用被
动句比使用主动句更少主观色彩。因此在科技英语中,凡是在不需要或不可能指出行为主体
的场合,或者在需要突出行为客体的场合都使用被动语态。例如:
For separating iron from the impurities the iron ore must be melted.
有时候,科技英语被动语句不省略以by连接的短语,即保留了施动者。在日常英语
中,by短语多表达行为的执行者,在科技英语文体中,则常可表达方式、方法、手段或原
因等。
(2)在科技英语中经常使用“It is (was)…that”这一强调句,如:
It is heat that causes many chemical changes.
(3)科技英语用于表达科学理论、原理、规律、概述以及各事物之间错综复杂的关
系,而复杂的科学思维是无法使用简单句来表达,所以语法结构复杂的长句较多地应用于科
技英语,而这种严谨周密、层次分明、重点突出的语言手段也就成了科技英语文体又一重要
特征。如:
Laser,it screation being thought to be one of today’s wonders,is nothing more than a light?that differs from ordinary lights only in ?that it is many times more powerful and so be applied in fields ? that no ordinary light or other substance has ever been able to get in.
此例中带有两个定语从句和一个宾语从句的主从复合句。主句为“Laser…is nothing
more than a light.”。定语从句?修饰主句中的名词light,宾语从句?为介词in的宾语,定语
从句?修饰宾语从句?中的名词field。另外,主句中又有一个独立分词短语“its
creation…today’s wonder”作状语。
四、科技文章的语篇特点
语篇也就是我们通常所说的篇章,是由一组相互连惯的句子组成的。语篇的语义结构
和语篇篇机制,即衔接手段确保了语言由句子组成语篇,从而形成了一个有机的整体,所以
对这一层面的分析包括了衔接手段和语篇结构(吴洁,2003)。
1、词汇衔接
词汇的重复出现可以减少语言在传递中产生的歧义,使读者易于正确地理解作者所要
论述的客观事实或复杂的认识过程,体现了科技英语的准确性。例:
Many stories abort the spread of AIDS are false.You can not get AIDS working or attending with someone who has the disease.You cannot get it by touching drinking glasses or otherobjects
used by such persons.
在这个自然段中,多次重复出现关键词AIDS,这不仅使语篇具有连贯性,而且有助
于读者意识到有关AIDS的错误认识,从而达到了作者相关信息准确无误地传递给读者的目
的。
2、逻辑连接
通过逻辑连接手段的运用,读者可以了解句子的语义联系,甚至可经前句从逻辑上预
见后续句的语义(胡壮麟,1994),体现了科技英语的逻辑推理性和严密性。如:
Microsurgery is helping to solve all kinds of medical problems that had been thought hopeless.For example,doctors can use the technique to restore blood flow to the brain to prevent
strokes.And they can reopen parts of the reproductive system so some men and women who are not fertile can have children.Eye and ear doctors have used the techniques of microsurgery since
the 1920s.But is was not until the early 1970s that doctors began to develop a better understanding
of the possibilities of microsurgery.
在这一段落中,作者使用了多种逻辑连接手段,表示例证forexample,表示并列and,表示转折but,表示时间先后until。这些连接词除了使语篇具有较好的衔接性和连贯性之外,还能让作者所表达的复杂思想清晰流畅,层次分明,富有逻辑性。
3、语篇结构
科技文章一般由导言、正文和结构或结束语三部分组成。当然语篇结构可以因陈述的内容、时间、场合、对象的不同而有所差异。
五、结语
科技英语在其演变和发展过程中逐渐形成自身特有的体裁或文体特征,了解科技英语与普通英语之间的差异,对于科技工作者无疑是大有裨益的。但值得指出的是,这种差异是相对的而不是绝对的。换言之,科技英语文体往往也借用其他文体(如文学文体)的词语或句式,彩其他的修辞手段以增加语言表达效果。与此同时,随着科学技术的快速发展,文学伤口反映科学技术的内容增加,以致文体借用或体中体现象日趋明显。我们只有深入分析掌握它的文体特征,才能在使用它的的过程中达到事半功倍的效果。
参考文献:
,1,胡壮麟.语篇的衔接与连贯,M,.上海:上海外语教育出版社,1994.
,贾睿霞,王永红.浅谈科技英语的特点.雁背师范学院学报,2001,17(3):9-11. ,2
,3,李庆明.英语科技文体的语言特征.西安理大学学报,2002(3):315-319.
,4,吴洁.科技英语的文体特征.山西财经大学学报:高等教育版,2003(4):38-34.